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# sqlglot.dialects.dialect

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      1from __future__ import annotations
      2
      3import typing as t
      4from enum import Enum
      5
      6from sqlglot import exp
      7from sqlglot._typing import E
      8from sqlglot.generator import Generator
      9from sqlglot.helper import flatten, seq_get
     10from sqlglot.parser import Parser
     11from sqlglot.time import format_time
     12from sqlglot.tokens import Token, Tokenizer, TokenType
     13from sqlglot.trie import new_trie
     14
     15
     16class Dialects(str, Enum):
     17    DIALECT = ""
     18
     19    BIGQUERY = "bigquery"
     20    CLICKHOUSE = "clickhouse"
     21    DATABRICKS = "databricks"
     22    DRILL = "drill"
     23    DUCKDB = "duckdb"
     24    HIVE = "hive"
     25    MYSQL = "mysql"
     26    ORACLE = "oracle"
     27    POSTGRES = "postgres"
     28    PRESTO = "presto"
     29    REDSHIFT = "redshift"
     30    SNOWFLAKE = "snowflake"
     31    SPARK = "spark"
     32    SPARK2 = "spark2"
     33    SQLITE = "sqlite"
     34    STARROCKS = "starrocks"
     35    TABLEAU = "tableau"
     36    TERADATA = "teradata"
     37    TRINO = "trino"
     38    TSQL = "tsql"
     39
     40
     41class _Dialect(type):
     42    classes: t.Dict[str, t.Type[Dialect]] = {}
     43
     44    def __eq__(cls, other: t.Any) -> bool:
     45        if cls is other:
     46            return True
     47        if isinstance(other, str):
     48            return cls is cls.get(other)
     49        if isinstance(other, Dialect):
     50            return cls is type(other)
     51
     52        return False
     53
     54    def __hash__(cls) -> int:
     55        return hash(cls.__name__.lower())
     56
     57    @classmethod
     58    def __getitem__(cls, key: str) -> t.Type[Dialect]:
     59        return cls.classes[key]
     60
     61    @classmethod
     62    def get(
     63        cls, key: str, default: t.Optional[t.Type[Dialect]] = None
     64    ) -> t.Optional[t.Type[Dialect]]:
     65        return cls.classes.get(key, default)
     66
     67    def __new__(cls, clsname, bases, attrs):
     68        klass = super().__new__(cls, clsname, bases, attrs)
     69        enum = Dialects.__members__.get(clsname.upper())
     70        cls.classes[enum.value if enum is not None else clsname.lower()] = klass
     71
     72        klass.TIME_TRIE = new_trie(klass.TIME_MAPPING)
     73        klass.FORMAT_TRIE = (
     74            new_trie(klass.FORMAT_MAPPING) if klass.FORMAT_MAPPING else klass.TIME_TRIE
     75        )
     76        klass.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING = {v: k for k, v in klass.TIME_MAPPING.items()}
     77        klass.INVERSE_TIME_TRIE = new_trie(klass.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING)
     78
     79        klass.tokenizer_class = getattr(klass, "Tokenizer", Tokenizer)
     80        klass.parser_class = getattr(klass, "Parser", Parser)
     81        klass.generator_class = getattr(klass, "Generator", Generator)
     82
     83        klass.QUOTE_START, klass.QUOTE_END = list(klass.tokenizer_class._QUOTES.items())[0]
     84        klass.IDENTIFIER_START, klass.IDENTIFIER_END = list(
     85            klass.tokenizer_class._IDENTIFIERS.items()
     86        )[0]
     87
     88        def get_start_end(token_type: TokenType) -> t.Tuple[t.Optional[str], t.Optional[str]]:
     89            return next(
     90                (
     91                    (s, e)
     92                    for s, (e, t) in klass.tokenizer_class._FORMAT_STRINGS.items()
     93                    if t == token_type
     94                ),
     95                (None, None),
     96            )
     97
     98        klass.BIT_START, klass.BIT_END = get_start_end(TokenType.BIT_STRING)
     99        klass.HEX_START, klass.HEX_END = get_start_end(TokenType.HEX_STRING)
    100        klass.BYTE_START, klass.BYTE_END = get_start_end(TokenType.BYTE_STRING)
    101
    102        dialect_properties = {
    103            **{
    104                k: v
    105                for k, v in vars(klass).items()
    106                if not callable(v) and not isinstance(v, classmethod) and not k.startswith("__")
    107            },
    108            "STRING_ESCAPE": klass.tokenizer_class.STRING_ESCAPES[0],
    109            "IDENTIFIER_ESCAPE": klass.tokenizer_class.IDENTIFIER_ESCAPES[0],
    110        }
    111
    112        if enum not in ("", "bigquery"):
    113            dialect_properties["SELECT_KINDS"] = ()
    114
    115        # Pass required dialect properties to the tokenizer, parser and generator classes
    116        for subclass in (klass.tokenizer_class, klass.parser_class, klass.generator_class):
    117            for name, value in dialect_properties.items():
    118                if hasattr(subclass, name):
    119                    setattr(subclass, name, value)
    120
    121        if not klass.STRICT_STRING_CONCAT:
    122            klass.parser_class.BITWISE[TokenType.DPIPE] = exp.SafeDPipe
    123
    124        klass.generator_class.can_identify = klass.can_identify
    125
    126        return klass
    127
    128
    129class Dialect(metaclass=_Dialect):
    130    # Determines the base index offset for arrays
    131    INDEX_OFFSET = 0
    132
    133    # If true unnest table aliases are considered only as column aliases
    134    UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY = False
    135
    136    # Determines whether or not the table alias comes after tablesample
    137    ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE = False
    138
    139    # Determines whether or not unquoted identifiers are resolved as uppercase
    140    # When set to None, it means that the dialect treats all identifiers as case-insensitive
    141    RESOLVES_IDENTIFIERS_AS_UPPERCASE: t.Optional[bool] = False
    142
    143    # Determines whether or not an unquoted identifier can start with a digit
    144    IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT = False
    145
    146    # Determines whether or not CONCAT's arguments must be strings
    147    STRICT_STRING_CONCAT = False
    148
    149    # Determines how function names are going to be normalized
    150    NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS: bool | str = "upper"
    151
    152    # Indicates the default null ordering method to use if not explicitly set
    153    # Options are: "nulls_are_small", "nulls_are_large", "nulls_are_last"
    154    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_small"
    155
    156    DATE_FORMAT = "'%Y-%m-%d'"
    157    DATEINT_FORMAT = "'%Y%m%d'"
    158    TIME_FORMAT = "'%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'"
    159
    160    # Custom time mappings in which the key represents dialect time format
    161    # and the value represents a python time format
    162    TIME_MAPPING: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
    163
    164    # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/format-elements#format_model_rules_date_time
    165    # https://docs.teradata.com/r/Teradata-Database-SQL-Functions-Operators-Expressions-and-Predicates/March-2017/Data-Type-Conversions/Character-to-DATE-Conversion/Forcing-a-FORMAT-on-CAST-for-Converting-Character-to-DATE
    166    # special syntax cast(x as date format 'yyyy') defaults to time_mapping
    167    FORMAT_MAPPING: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
    168
    169    # Autofilled
    170    tokenizer_class = Tokenizer
    171    parser_class = Parser
    172    generator_class = Generator
    173
    174    # A trie of the time_mapping keys
    175    TIME_TRIE: t.Dict = {}
    176    FORMAT_TRIE: t.Dict = {}
    177
    178    INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
    179    INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: t.Dict = {}
    180
    181    def __eq__(self, other: t.Any) -> bool:
    182        return type(self) == other
    183
    184    def __hash__(self) -> int:
    185        return hash(type(self))
    186
    187    @classmethod
    188    def get_or_raise(cls, dialect: DialectType) -> t.Type[Dialect]:
    189        if not dialect:
    190            return cls
    191        if isinstance(dialect, _Dialect):
    192            return dialect
    193        if isinstance(dialect, Dialect):
    194            return dialect.__class__
    195
    196        result = cls.get(dialect)
    197        if not result:
    198            raise ValueError(f"Unknown dialect '{dialect}'")
    199
    200        return result
    201
    202    @classmethod
    203    def format_time(
    204        cls, expression: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression]
    205    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    206        if isinstance(expression, str):
    207            return exp.Literal.string(
    208                # the time formats are quoted
    209                format_time(expression[1:-1], cls.TIME_MAPPING, cls.TIME_TRIE)
    210            )
    211
    212        if expression and expression.is_string:
    213            return exp.Literal.string(format_time(expression.this, cls.TIME_MAPPING, cls.TIME_TRIE))
    214
    215        return expression
    216
    217    @classmethod
    218    def normalize_identifier(cls, expression: E) -> E:
    219        """
    220        Normalizes an unquoted identifier to either lower or upper case, thus essentially
    221        making it case-insensitive. If a dialect treats all identifiers as case-insensitive,
    222        they will be normalized regardless of being quoted or not.
    223        """
    224        if isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier) and (
    225            not expression.quoted or cls.RESOLVES_IDENTIFIERS_AS_UPPERCASE is None
    226        ):
    227            expression.set(
    228                "this",
    229                expression.this.upper()
    230                if cls.RESOLVES_IDENTIFIERS_AS_UPPERCASE
    231                else expression.this.lower(),
    232            )
    233
    234        return expression
    235
    236    @classmethod
    237    def case_sensitive(cls, text: str) -> bool:
    238        """Checks if text contains any case sensitive characters, based on the dialect's rules."""
    239        if cls.RESOLVES_IDENTIFIERS_AS_UPPERCASE is None:
    240            return False
    241
    242        unsafe = str.islower if cls.RESOLVES_IDENTIFIERS_AS_UPPERCASE else str.isupper
    243        return any(unsafe(char) for char in text)
    244
    245    @classmethod
    246    def can_identify(cls, text: str, identify: str | bool = "safe") -> bool:
    247        """Checks if text can be identified given an identify option.
    248
    249        Args:
    250            text: The text to check.
    251            identify:
    252                "always" or `True`: Always returns true.
    253                "safe": True if the identifier is case-insensitive.
    254
    255        Returns:
    256            Whether or not the given text can be identified.
    257        """
    258        if identify is True or identify == "always":
    259            return True
    260
    261        if identify == "safe":
    262            return not cls.case_sensitive(text)
    263
    264        return False
    265
    266    @classmethod
    267    def quote_identifier(cls, expression: E, identify: bool = True) -> E:
    268        if isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier):
    269            name = expression.this
    270            expression.set(
    271                "quoted",
    272                identify or cls.case_sensitive(name) or not exp.SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE.match(name),
    273            )
    274
    275        return expression
    276
    277    def parse(self, sql: str, **opts) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
    278        return self.parser(**opts).parse(self.tokenize(sql), sql)
    279
    280    def parse_into(
    281        self, expression_type: exp.IntoType, sql: str, **opts
    282    ) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
    283        return self.parser(**opts).parse_into(expression_type, self.tokenize(sql), sql)
    284
    285    def generate(self, expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression], **opts) -> str:
    286        return self.generator(**opts).generate(expression)
    287
    288    def transpile(self, sql: str, **opts) -> t.List[str]:
    289        return [self.generate(expression, **opts) for expression in self.parse(sql)]
    290
    291    def tokenize(self, sql: str) -> t.List[Token]:
    292        return self.tokenizer.tokenize(sql)
    293
    294    @property
    295    def tokenizer(self) -> Tokenizer:
    296        if not hasattr(self, "_tokenizer"):
    297            self._tokenizer = self.tokenizer_class()
    298        return self._tokenizer
    299
    300    def parser(self, **opts) -> Parser:
    301        return self.parser_class(**opts)
    302
    303    def generator(self, **opts) -> Generator:
    304        return self.generator_class(**opts)
    305
    306
    307DialectType = t.Union[str, Dialect, t.Type[Dialect], None]
    308
    309
    310def rename_func(name: str) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.Expression], str]:
    311    return lambda self, expression: self.func(name, *flatten(expression.args.values()))
    312
    313
    314def approx_count_distinct_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.ApproxDistinct) -> str:
    315    if expression.args.get("accuracy"):
    316        self.unsupported("APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT does not support accuracy")
    317    return self.func("APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT", expression.this)
    318
    319
    320def if_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.If) -> str:
    321    return self.func(
    322        "IF", expression.this, expression.args.get("true"), expression.args.get("false")
    323    )
    324
    325
    326def arrow_json_extract_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.JSONExtract | exp.JSONBExtract) -> str:
    327    return self.binary(expression, "->")
    328
    329
    330def arrow_json_extract_scalar_sql(
    331    self: Generator, expression: exp.JSONExtractScalar | exp.JSONBExtractScalar
    332) -> str:
    333    return self.binary(expression, "->>")
    334
    335
    336def inline_array_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
    337    return f"[{self.expressions(expression)}]"
    338
    339
    340def no_ilike_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.ILike) -> str:
    341    return self.like_sql(
    342        exp.Like(this=exp.Lower(this=expression.this), expression=expression.expression)
    343    )
    344
    345
    346def no_paren_current_date_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.CurrentDate) -> str:
    347    zone = self.sql(expression, "this")
    348    return f"CURRENT_DATE AT TIME ZONE {zone}" if zone else "CURRENT_DATE"
    349
    350
    351def no_recursive_cte_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.With) -> str:
    352    if expression.args.get("recursive"):
    353        self.unsupported("Recursive CTEs are unsupported")
    354        expression.args["recursive"] = False
    355    return self.with_sql(expression)
    356
    357
    358def no_safe_divide_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.SafeDivide) -> str:
    359    n = self.sql(expression, "this")
    360    d = self.sql(expression, "expression")
    361    return f"IF({d} <> 0, {n} / {d}, NULL)"
    362
    363
    364def no_tablesample_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TableSample) -> str:
    365    self.unsupported("TABLESAMPLE unsupported")
    366    return self.sql(expression.this)
    367
    368
    369def no_pivot_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Pivot) -> str:
    370    self.unsupported("PIVOT unsupported")
    371    return ""
    372
    373
    374def no_trycast_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str:
    375    return self.cast_sql(expression)
    376
    377
    378def no_properties_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Properties) -> str:
    379    self.unsupported("Properties unsupported")
    380    return ""
    381
    382
    383def no_comment_column_constraint_sql(
    384    self: Generator, expression: exp.CommentColumnConstraint
    385) -> str:
    386    self.unsupported("CommentColumnConstraint unsupported")
    387    return ""
    388
    389
    390def no_map_from_entries_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.MapFromEntries) -> str:
    391    self.unsupported("MAP_FROM_ENTRIES unsupported")
    392    return ""
    393
    394
    395def str_position_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.StrPosition) -> str:
    396    this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    397    substr = self.sql(expression, "substr")
    398    position = self.sql(expression, "position")
    399    if position:
    400        return f"STRPOS(SUBSTR({this}, {position}), {substr}) + {position} - 1"
    401    return f"STRPOS({this}, {substr})"
    402
    403
    404def struct_extract_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.StructExtract) -> str:
    405    this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    406    struct_key = self.sql(exp.Identifier(this=expression.expression, quoted=True))
    407    return f"{this}.{struct_key}"
    408
    409
    410def var_map_sql(
    411    self: Generator, expression: exp.Map | exp.VarMap, map_func_name: str = "MAP"
    412) -> str:
    413    keys = expression.args["keys"]
    414    values = expression.args["values"]
    415
    416    if not isinstance(keys, exp.Array) or not isinstance(values, exp.Array):
    417        self.unsupported("Cannot convert array columns into map.")
    418        return self.func(map_func_name, keys, values)
    419
    420    args = []
    421    for key, value in zip(keys.expressions, values.expressions):
    422        args.append(self.sql(key))
    423        args.append(self.sql(value))
    424
    425    return self.func(map_func_name, *args)
    426
    427
    428def format_time_lambda(
    429    exp_class: t.Type[E], dialect: str, default: t.Optional[bool | str] = None
    430) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
    431    """Helper used for time expressions.
    432
    433    Args:
    434        exp_class: the expression class to instantiate.
    435        dialect: target sql dialect.
    436        default: the default format, True being time.
    437
    438    Returns:
    439        A callable that can be used to return the appropriately formatted time expression.
    440    """
    441
    442    def _format_time(args: t.List):
    443        return exp_class(
    444            this=seq_get(args, 0),
    445            format=Dialect[dialect].format_time(
    446                seq_get(args, 1)
    447                or (Dialect[dialect].TIME_FORMAT if default is True else default or None)
    448            ),
    449        )
    450
    451    return _format_time
    452
    453
    454def create_with_partitions_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
    455    """
    456    In Hive and Spark, the PARTITIONED BY property acts as an extension of a table's schema. When the
    457    PARTITIONED BY value is an array of column names, they are transformed into a schema. The corresponding
    458    columns are removed from the create statement.
    459    """
    460    has_schema = isinstance(expression.this, exp.Schema)
    461    is_partitionable = expression.args.get("kind") in ("TABLE", "VIEW")
    462
    463    if has_schema and is_partitionable:
    464        expression = expression.copy()
    465        prop = expression.find(exp.PartitionedByProperty)
    466        if prop and prop.this and not isinstance(prop.this, exp.Schema):
    467            schema = expression.this
    468            columns = {v.name.upper() for v in prop.this.expressions}
    469            partitions = [col for col in schema.expressions if col.name.upper() in columns]
    470            schema.set("expressions", [e for e in schema.expressions if e not in partitions])
    471            prop.replace(exp.PartitionedByProperty(this=exp.Schema(expressions=partitions)))
    472            expression.set("this", schema)
    473
    474    return self.create_sql(expression)
    475
    476
    477def parse_date_delta(
    478    exp_class: t.Type[E], unit_mapping: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, str]] = None
    479) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
    480    def inner_func(args: t.List) -> E:
    481        unit_based = len(args) == 3
    482        this = args[2] if unit_based else seq_get(args, 0)
    483        unit = args[0] if unit_based else exp.Literal.string("DAY")
    484        unit = exp.var(unit_mapping.get(unit.name.lower(), unit.name)) if unit_mapping else unit
    485        return exp_class(this=this, expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=unit)
    486
    487    return inner_func
    488
    489
    490def parse_date_delta_with_interval(
    491    expression_class: t.Type[E],
    492) -> t.Callable[[t.List], t.Optional[E]]:
    493    def func(args: t.List) -> t.Optional[E]:
    494        if len(args) < 2:
    495            return None
    496
    497        interval = args[1]
    498        expression = interval.this
    499        if expression and expression.is_string:
    500            expression = exp.Literal.number(expression.this)
    501
    502        return expression_class(
    503            this=args[0], expression=expression, unit=exp.Literal.string(interval.text("unit"))
    504        )
    505
    506    return func
    507
    508
    509def date_trunc_to_time(args: t.List) -> exp.DateTrunc | exp.TimestampTrunc:
    510    unit = seq_get(args, 0)
    511    this = seq_get(args, 1)
    512
    513    if isinstance(this, exp.Cast) and this.is_type("date"):
    514        return exp.DateTrunc(unit=unit, this=this)
    515    return exp.TimestampTrunc(this=this, unit=unit)
    516
    517
    518def timestamptrunc_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TimestampTrunc) -> str:
    519    return self.func(
    520        "DATE_TRUNC", exp.Literal.string(expression.text("unit") or "day"), expression.this
    521    )
    522
    523
    524def locate_to_strposition(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
    525    return exp.StrPosition(
    526        this=seq_get(args, 1), substr=seq_get(args, 0), position=seq_get(args, 2)
    527    )
    528
    529
    530def strposition_to_locate_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.StrPosition) -> str:
    531    return self.func(
    532        "LOCATE", expression.args.get("substr"), expression.this, expression.args.get("position")
    533    )
    534
    535
    536def left_to_substring_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
    537    expression = expression.copy()
    538    return self.sql(
    539        exp.Substring(
    540            this=expression.this, start=exp.Literal.number(1), length=expression.expression
    541        )
    542    )
    543
    544
    545def right_to_substring_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
    546    expression = expression.copy()
    547    return self.sql(
    548        exp.Substring(
    549            this=expression.this,
    550            start=exp.Length(this=expression.this) - exp.paren(expression.expression - 1),
    551        )
    552    )
    553
    554
    555def timestrtotime_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TimeStrToTime) -> str:
    556    return f"CAST({self.sql(expression, 'this')} AS TIMESTAMP)"
    557
    558
    559def datestrtodate_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.DateStrToDate) -> str:
    560    return f"CAST({self.sql(expression, 'this')} AS DATE)"
    561
    562
    563def min_or_least(self: Generator, expression: exp.Min) -> str:
    564    name = "LEAST" if expression.expressions else "MIN"
    565    return rename_func(name)(self, expression)
    566
    567
    568def max_or_greatest(self: Generator, expression: exp.Max) -> str:
    569    name = "GREATEST" if expression.expressions else "MAX"
    570    return rename_func(name)(self, expression)
    571
    572
    573def count_if_to_sum(self: Generator, expression: exp.CountIf) -> str:
    574    cond = expression.this
    575
    576    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Distinct):
    577        cond = expression.this.expressions[0]
    578        self.unsupported("DISTINCT is not supported when converting COUNT_IF to SUM")
    579
    580    return self.func("sum", exp.func("if", cond, 1, 0))
    581
    582
    583def trim_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Trim) -> str:
    584    target = self.sql(expression, "this")
    585    trim_type = self.sql(expression, "position")
    586    remove_chars = self.sql(expression, "expression")
    587    collation = self.sql(expression, "collation")
    588
    589    # Use TRIM/LTRIM/RTRIM syntax if the expression isn't database-specific
    590    if not remove_chars and not collation:
    591        return self.trim_sql(expression)
    592
    593    trim_type = f"{trim_type} " if trim_type else ""
    594    remove_chars = f"{remove_chars} " if remove_chars else ""
    595    from_part = "FROM " if trim_type or remove_chars else ""
    596    collation = f" COLLATE {collation}" if collation else ""
    597    return f"TRIM({trim_type}{remove_chars}{from_part}{target}{collation})"
    598
    599
    600def str_to_time_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Expression) -> str:
    601    return self.func("STRPTIME", expression.this, self.format_time(expression))
    602
    603
    604def ts_or_ds_to_date_sql(dialect: str) -> t.Callable:
    605    def _ts_or_ds_to_date_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TsOrDsToDate) -> str:
    606        _dialect = Dialect.get_or_raise(dialect)
    607        time_format = self.format_time(expression)
    608        if time_format and time_format not in (_dialect.TIME_FORMAT, _dialect.DATE_FORMAT):
    609            return f"CAST({str_to_time_sql(self, expression)} AS DATE)"
    610        return f"CAST({self.sql(expression, 'this')} AS DATE)"
    611
    612    return _ts_or_ds_to_date_sql
    613
    614
    615def concat_to_dpipe_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Concat | exp.SafeConcat) -> str:
    616    this, *rest_args = expression.expressions
    617    for arg in rest_args:
    618        this = exp.DPipe(this=this, expression=arg)
    619
    620    return self.sql(this)
    621
    622
    623def regexp_extract_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.RegexpExtract) -> str:
    624    bad_args = list(filter(expression.args.get, ("position", "occurrence", "parameters")))
    625    if bad_args:
    626        self.unsupported(f"REGEXP_EXTRACT does not support the following arg(s): {bad_args}")
    627
    628    return self.func(
    629        "REGEXP_EXTRACT", expression.this, expression.expression, expression.args.get("group")
    630    )
    631
    632
    633def regexp_replace_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.RegexpReplace) -> str:
    634    bad_args = list(filter(expression.args.get, ("position", "occurrence", "parameters")))
    635    if bad_args:
    636        self.unsupported(f"REGEXP_REPLACE does not support the following arg(s): {bad_args}")
    637
    638    return self.func(
    639        "REGEXP_REPLACE", expression.this, expression.expression, expression.args["replacement"]
    640    )
    641
    642
    643def pivot_column_names(aggregations: t.List[exp.Expression], dialect: DialectType) -> t.List[str]:
    644    names = []
    645    for agg in aggregations:
    646        if isinstance(agg, exp.Alias):
    647            names.append(agg.alias)
    648        else:
    649            """
    650            This case corresponds to aggregations without aliases being used as suffixes
    651            (e.g. col_avg(foo)). We need to unquote identifiers because they're going to
    652            be quoted in the base parser's `_parse_pivot` method, due to `to_identifier`.
    653            Otherwise, we'd end up with `col_avg(`foo`)` (notice the double quotes).
    654            """
    655            agg_all_unquoted = agg.transform(
    656                lambda node: exp.Identifier(this=node.name, quoted=False)
    657                if isinstance(node, exp.Identifier)
    658                else node
    659            )
    660            names.append(agg_all_unquoted.sql(dialect=dialect, normalize_functions="lower"))
    661
    662    return names

class Dialects(builtins.str, enum.Enum): View Source

    17class Dialects(str, Enum):
    18    DIALECT = ""
    19
    20    BIGQUERY = "bigquery"
    21    CLICKHOUSE = "clickhouse"
    22    DATABRICKS = "databricks"
    23    DRILL = "drill"
    24    DUCKDB = "duckdb"
    25    HIVE = "hive"
    26    MYSQL = "mysql"
    27    ORACLE = "oracle"
    28    POSTGRES = "postgres"
    29    PRESTO = "presto"
    30    REDSHIFT = "redshift"
    31    SNOWFLAKE = "snowflake"
    32    SPARK = "spark"
    33    SPARK2 = "spark2"
    34    SQLITE = "sqlite"
    35    STARROCKS = "starrocks"
    36    TABLEAU = "tableau"
    37    TERADATA = "teradata"
    38    TRINO = "trino"
    39    TSQL = "tsql"

An enumeration.

DIALECT = <Dialects.DIALECT: ''>
BIGQUERY = <Dialects.BIGQUERY: 'bigquery'>
CLICKHOUSE = <Dialects.CLICKHOUSE: 'clickhouse'>
DATABRICKS = <Dialects.DATABRICKS: 'databricks'>
DRILL = <Dialects.DRILL: 'drill'>
DUCKDB = <Dialects.DUCKDB: 'duckdb'>
HIVE = <Dialects.HIVE: 'hive'>
MYSQL = <Dialects.MYSQL: 'mysql'>
ORACLE = <Dialects.ORACLE: 'oracle'>
POSTGRES = <Dialects.POSTGRES: 'postgres'>
PRESTO = <Dialects.PRESTO: 'presto'>
REDSHIFT = <Dialects.REDSHIFT: 'redshift'>
SNOWFLAKE = <Dialects.SNOWFLAKE: 'snowflake'>
SPARK = <Dialects.SPARK: 'spark'>
SPARK2 = <Dialects.SPARK2: 'spark2'>
SQLITE = <Dialects.SQLITE: 'sqlite'>
STARROCKS = <Dialects.STARROCKS: 'starrocks'>
TABLEAU = <Dialects.TABLEAU: 'tableau'>
TERADATA = <Dialects.TERADATA: 'teradata'>
TRINO = <Dialects.TRINO: 'trino'>
TSQL = <Dialects.TSQL: 'tsql'>

##### Inherited Members

enum.Enum
  name
  value
builtins.str
  encode
  replace
  split
  rsplit
  join
  capitalize
  casefold
  title
  center
  count
  expandtabs
  find
  partition
  index
  ljust
  lower
  lstrip
  rfind
  rindex
  rjust
  rstrip
  rpartition
  splitlines
  strip
  swapcase
  translate
  upper
  startswith
  endswith
  removeprefix
  removesuffix
  isascii
  islower
  isupper
  istitle
  isspace
  isdecimal
  isdigit
  isnumeric
  isalpha
  isalnum
  isidentifier
  isprintable
  zfill
  format
  format_map
  maketrans

class Dialect: View Source

    130class Dialect(metaclass=_Dialect):
    131    # Determines the base index offset for arrays
    132    INDEX_OFFSET = 0
    133
    134    # If true unnest table aliases are considered only as column aliases
    135    UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY = False
    136
    137    # Determines whether or not the table alias comes after tablesample
    138    ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE = False
    139
    140    # Determines whether or not unquoted identifiers are resolved as uppercase
    141    # When set to None, it means that the dialect treats all identifiers as case-insensitive
    142    RESOLVES_IDENTIFIERS_AS_UPPERCASE: t.Optional[bool] = False
    143
    144    # Determines whether or not an unquoted identifier can start with a digit
    145    IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT = False
    146
    147    # Determines whether or not CONCAT's arguments must be strings
    148    STRICT_STRING_CONCAT = False
    149
    150    # Determines how function names are going to be normalized
    151    NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS: bool | str = "upper"
    152
    153    # Indicates the default null ordering method to use if not explicitly set
    154    # Options are: "nulls_are_small", "nulls_are_large", "nulls_are_last"
    155    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_small"
    156
    157    DATE_FORMAT = "'%Y-%m-%d'"
    158    DATEINT_FORMAT = "'%Y%m%d'"
    159    TIME_FORMAT = "'%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'"
    160
    161    # Custom time mappings in which the key represents dialect time format
    162    # and the value represents a python time format
    163    TIME_MAPPING: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
    164
    165    # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/format-elements#format_model_rules_date_time
    166    # https://docs.teradata.com/r/Teradata-Database-SQL-Functions-Operators-Expressions-and-Predicates/March-2017/Data-Type-Conversions/Character-to-DATE-Conversion/Forcing-a-FORMAT-on-CAST-for-Converting-Character-to-DATE
    167    # special syntax cast(x as date format 'yyyy') defaults to time_mapping
    168    FORMAT_MAPPING: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
    169
    170    # Autofilled
    171    tokenizer_class = Tokenizer
    172    parser_class = Parser
    173    generator_class = Generator
    174
    175    # A trie of the time_mapping keys
    176    TIME_TRIE: t.Dict = {}
    177    FORMAT_TRIE: t.Dict = {}
    178
    179    INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
    180    INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: t.Dict = {}
    181
    182    def __eq__(self, other: t.Any) -> bool:
    183        return type(self) == other
    184
    185    def __hash__(self) -> int:
    186        return hash(type(self))
    187
    188    @classmethod
    189    def get_or_raise(cls, dialect: DialectType) -> t.Type[Dialect]:
    190        if not dialect:
    191            return cls
    192        if isinstance(dialect, _Dialect):
    193            return dialect
    194        if isinstance(dialect, Dialect):
    195            return dialect.__class__
    196
    197        result = cls.get(dialect)
    198        if not result:
    199            raise ValueError(f"Unknown dialect '{dialect}'")
    200
    201        return result
    202
    203    @classmethod
    204    def format_time(
    205        cls, expression: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression]
    206    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    207        if isinstance(expression, str):
    208            return exp.Literal.string(
    209                # the time formats are quoted
    210                format_time(expression[1:-1], cls.TIME_MAPPING, cls.TIME_TRIE)
    211            )
    212
    213        if expression and expression.is_string:
    214            return exp.Literal.string(format_time(expression.this, cls.TIME_MAPPING, cls.TIME_TRIE))
    215
    216        return expression
    217
    218    @classmethod
    219    def normalize_identifier(cls, expression: E) -> E:
    220        """
    221        Normalizes an unquoted identifier to either lower or upper case, thus essentially
    222        making it case-insensitive. If a dialect treats all identifiers as case-insensitive,
    223        they will be normalized regardless of being quoted or not.
    224        """
    225        if isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier) and (
    226            not expression.quoted or cls.RESOLVES_IDENTIFIERS_AS_UPPERCASE is None
    227        ):
    228            expression.set(
    229                "this",
    230                expression.this.upper()
    231                if cls.RESOLVES_IDENTIFIERS_AS_UPPERCASE
    232                else expression.this.lower(),
    233            )
    234
    235        return expression
    236
    237    @classmethod
    238    def case_sensitive(cls, text: str) -> bool:
    239        """Checks if text contains any case sensitive characters, based on the dialect's rules."""
    240        if cls.RESOLVES_IDENTIFIERS_AS_UPPERCASE is None:
    241            return False
    242
    243        unsafe = str.islower if cls.RESOLVES_IDENTIFIERS_AS_UPPERCASE else str.isupper
    244        return any(unsafe(char) for char in text)
    245
    246    @classmethod
    247    def can_identify(cls, text: str, identify: str | bool = "safe") -> bool:
    248        """Checks if text can be identified given an identify option.
    249
    250        Args:
    251            text: The text to check.
    252            identify:
    253                "always" or `True`: Always returns true.
    254                "safe": True if the identifier is case-insensitive.
    255
    256        Returns:
    257            Whether or not the given text can be identified.
    258        """
    259        if identify is True or identify == "always":
    260            return True
    261
    262        if identify == "safe":
    263            return not cls.case_sensitive(text)
    264
    265        return False
    266
    267    @classmethod
    268    def quote_identifier(cls, expression: E, identify: bool = True) -> E:
    269        if isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier):
    270            name = expression.this
    271            expression.set(
    272                "quoted",
    273                identify or cls.case_sensitive(name) or not exp.SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE.match(name),
    274            )
    275
    276        return expression
    277
    278    def parse(self, sql: str, **opts) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
    279        return self.parser(**opts).parse(self.tokenize(sql), sql)
    280
    281    def parse_into(
    282        self, expression_type: exp.IntoType, sql: str, **opts
    283    ) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
    284        return self.parser(**opts).parse_into(expression_type, self.tokenize(sql), sql)
    285
    286    def generate(self, expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression], **opts) -> str:
    287        return self.generator(**opts).generate(expression)
    288
    289    def transpile(self, sql: str, **opts) -> t.List[str]:
    290        return [self.generate(expression, **opts) for expression in self.parse(sql)]
    291
    292    def tokenize(self, sql: str) -> t.List[Token]:
    293        return self.tokenizer.tokenize(sql)
    294
    295    @property
    296    def tokenizer(self) -> Tokenizer:
    297        if not hasattr(self, "_tokenizer"):
    298            self._tokenizer = self.tokenizer_class()
    299        return self._tokenizer
    300
    301    def parser(self, **opts) -> Parser:
    302        return self.parser_class(**opts)
    303
    304    def generator(self, **opts) -> Generator:
    305        return self.generator_class(**opts)

INDEX_OFFSET = 0
UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY = False
ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE = False
RESOLVES_IDENTIFIERS_AS_UPPERCASE: Optional[bool] = False
IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT = False
STRICT_STRING_CONCAT = False
NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS: bool | str = 'upper'
NULL_ORDERING = 'nulls_are_small'
DATE_FORMAT = "'%Y-%m-%d'"
DATEINT_FORMAT = "'%Y%m%d'"
TIME_FORMAT = "'%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'"
TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}
FORMAT_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}
tokenizer_class = <class 'sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer'>
parser_class = <class 'sqlglot.parser.Parser'>
generator_class = <class 'sqlglot.generator.Generator'>
TIME_TRIE: Dict = {}
FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {}
INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}
INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: Dict = {}
@classmethod
def get_or_raise( cls, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType]) -> Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect]: View Source

    188    @classmethod
    189    def get_or_raise(cls, dialect: DialectType) -> t.Type[Dialect]:
    190        if not dialect:
    191            return cls
    192        if isinstance(dialect, _Dialect):
    193            return dialect
    194        if isinstance(dialect, Dialect):
    195            return dialect.__class__
    196
    197        result = cls.get(dialect)
    198        if not result:
    199            raise ValueError(f"Unknown dialect '{dialect}'")
    200
    201        return result

@classmethod
def format_time( cls, expression: Union[str, sqlglot.expressions.Expression, NoneType]) -> Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]: View Source

    203    @classmethod
    204    def format_time(
    205        cls, expression: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression]
    206    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    207        if isinstance(expression, str):
    208            return exp.Literal.string(
    209                # the time formats are quoted
    210                format_time(expression[1:-1], cls.TIME_MAPPING, cls.TIME_TRIE)
    211            )
    212
    213        if expression and expression.is_string:
    214            return exp.Literal.string(format_time(expression.this, cls.TIME_MAPPING, cls.TIME_TRIE))
    215
    216        return expression

@classmethod
def normalize_identifier(cls, expression: ~E) -> ~E: View Source

    218    @classmethod
    219    def normalize_identifier(cls, expression: E) -> E:
    220        """
    221        Normalizes an unquoted identifier to either lower or upper case, thus essentially
    222        making it case-insensitive. If a dialect treats all identifiers as case-insensitive,
    223        they will be normalized regardless of being quoted or not.
    224        """
    225        if isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier) and (
    226            not expression.quoted or cls.RESOLVES_IDENTIFIERS_AS_UPPERCASE is None
    227        ):
    228            expression.set(
    229                "this",
    230                expression.this.upper()
    231                if cls.RESOLVES_IDENTIFIERS_AS_UPPERCASE
    232                else expression.this.lower(),
    233            )
    234
    235        return expression

Normalizes an unquoted identifier to either lower or upper case, thus essentially making it case-insensitive. If a dialect treats all identifiers as case-insensitive, they will be normalized regardless of being quoted or not.

@classmethod
def case_sensitive(cls, text: str) -> bool: View Source

    237    @classmethod
    238    def case_sensitive(cls, text: str) -> bool:
    239        """Checks if text contains any case sensitive characters, based on the dialect's rules."""
    240        if cls.RESOLVES_IDENTIFIERS_AS_UPPERCASE is None:
    241            return False
    242
    243        unsafe = str.islower if cls.RESOLVES_IDENTIFIERS_AS_UPPERCASE else str.isupper
    244        return any(unsafe(char) for char in text)

Checks if text contains any case sensitive characters, based on the dialect's rules.

@classmethod
def can_identify(cls, text: str, identify: str | bool = 'safe') -> bool: View Source

    246    @classmethod
    247    def can_identify(cls, text: str, identify: str | bool = "safe") -> bool:
    248        """Checks if text can be identified given an identify option.
    249
    250        Args:
    251            text: The text to check.
    252            identify:
    253                "always" or `True`: Always returns true.
    254                "safe": True if the identifier is case-insensitive.
    255
    256        Returns:
    257            Whether or not the given text can be identified.
    258        """
    259        if identify is True or identify == "always":
    260            return True
    261
    262        if identify == "safe":
    263            return not cls.case_sensitive(text)
    264
    265        return False

Checks if text can be identified given an identify option.

###### Arguments:

- text: The text to check.
- identify: "always" or `True`: Always returns true. "safe": True if the identifier is case-insensitive.

###### Returns:

> Whether or not the given text can be identified.

@classmethod
def quote_identifier(cls, expression: ~E, identify: bool = True) -> ~E: View Source

    267    @classmethod
    268    def quote_identifier(cls, expression: E, identify: bool = True) -> E:
    269        if isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier):
    270            name = expression.this
    271            expression.set(
    272                "quoted",
    273                identify or cls.case_sensitive(name) or not exp.SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE.match(name),
    274            )
    275
    276        return expression

def parse(self, sql: str, **opts) -> List[Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]]: View Source

    278    def parse(self, sql: str, **opts) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
    279        return self.parser(**opts).parse(self.tokenize(sql), sql)

def parse_into( self, expression_type: Union[str, Type[sqlglot.expressions.Expression], Collection[Union[str, Type[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]]]], sql: str, **opts) -> List[Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]]: View Source

    281    def parse_into(
    282        self, expression_type: exp.IntoType, sql: str, **opts
    283    ) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
    284        return self.parser(**opts).parse_into(expression_type, self.tokenize(sql), sql)

def generate( self, expression: Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression], **opts) -> str: View Source

    286    def generate(self, expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression], **opts) -> str:
    287        return self.generator(**opts).generate(expression)

def transpile(self, sql: str, **opts) -> List[str]: View Source

    289    def transpile(self, sql: str, **opts) -> t.List[str]:
    290        return [self.generate(expression, **opts) for expression in self.parse(sql)]

def tokenize(self, sql: str) -> List[sqlglot.tokens.Token]: View Source

    292    def tokenize(self, sql: str) -> t.List[Token]:
    293        return self.tokenizer.tokenize(sql)

tokenizer: sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer
def parser(self, **opts) -> sqlglot.parser.Parser: View Source

    301    def parser(self, **opts) -> Parser:
    302        return self.parser_class(**opts)

def generator(self, **opts) -> sqlglot.generator.Generator: View Source

    304    def generator(self, **opts) -> Generator:
    305        return self.generator_class(**opts)

QUOTE_START = "'"
QUOTE_END = "'"
IDENTIFIER_START = '"'
IDENTIFIER_END = '"'
BIT_START = None
BIT_END = None
HEX_START = None
HEX_END = None
BYTE_START = None
BYTE_END = None
DialectType = typing.Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, typing.Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType]
def rename_func( name: str) -> Callable[[sqlglot.generator.Generator, sqlglot.expressions.Expression], str]: View Source

    311def rename_func(name: str) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.Expression], str]:
    312    return lambda self, expression: self.func(name, *flatten(expression.args.values()))

def approx_count_distinct_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct) -> str: View Source

    315def approx_count_distinct_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.ApproxDistinct) -> str:
    316    if expression.args.get("accuracy"):
    317        self.unsupported("APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT does not support accuracy")
    318    return self.func("APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT", expression.this)

def if_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.If) -> str: View Source

    321def if_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.If) -> str:
    322    return self.func(
    323        "IF", expression.this, expression.args.get("true"), expression.args.get("false")
    324    )

def arrow_json_extract_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract | sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtract) -> str: View Source

    327def arrow_json_extract_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.JSONExtract | exp.JSONBExtract) -> str:
    328    return self.binary(expression, "->")

def arrow_json_extract_scalar_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar | sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtractScalar) -> str: View Source

    331def arrow_json_extract_scalar_sql(
    332    self: Generator, expression: exp.JSONExtractScalar | exp.JSONBExtractScalar
    333) -> str:
    334    return self.binary(expression, "->>")

def inline_array_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Array) -> str: View Source

    337def inline_array_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
    338    return f"[{self.expressions(expression)}]"

def no_ilike_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ILike) -> str: View Source

    341def no_ilike_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.ILike) -> str:
    342    return self.like_sql(
    343        exp.Like(this=exp.Lower(this=expression.this), expression=expression.expression)
    344    )

def no_paren_current_date_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate) -> str: View Source

    347def no_paren_current_date_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.CurrentDate) -> str:
    348    zone = self.sql(expression, "this")
    349    return f"CURRENT_DATE AT TIME ZONE {zone}" if zone else "CURRENT_DATE"

def no_recursive_cte_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.With) -> str: View Source

    352def no_recursive_cte_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.With) -> str:
    353    if expression.args.get("recursive"):
    354        self.unsupported("Recursive CTEs are unsupported")
    355        expression.args["recursive"] = False
    356    return self.with_sql(expression)

def no_safe_divide_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide) -> str: View Source

    359def no_safe_divide_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.SafeDivide) -> str:
    360    n = self.sql(expression, "this")
    361    d = self.sql(expression, "expression")
    362    return f"IF({d} <> 0, {n} / {d}, NULL)"

def no_tablesample_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TableSample) -> str: View Source

    365def no_tablesample_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TableSample) -> str:
    366    self.unsupported("TABLESAMPLE unsupported")
    367    return self.sql(expression.this)

def no_pivot_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Pivot) -> str: View Source

    370def no_pivot_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Pivot) -> str:
    371    self.unsupported("PIVOT unsupported")
    372    return ""

def no_trycast_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TryCast) -> str: View Source

    375def no_trycast_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str:
    376    return self.cast_sql(expression)

def no_properties_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Properties) -> str: View Source

    379def no_properties_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Properties) -> str:
    380    self.unsupported("Properties unsupported")
    381    return ""

def no_comment_column_constraint_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.CommentColumnConstraint) -> str: View Source

    384def no_comment_column_constraint_sql(
    385    self: Generator, expression: exp.CommentColumnConstraint
    386) -> str:
    387    self.unsupported("CommentColumnConstraint unsupported")
    388    return ""

def no_map_from_entries_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.MapFromEntries) -> str: View Source

    391def no_map_from_entries_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.MapFromEntries) -> str:
    392    self.unsupported("MAP_FROM_ENTRIES unsupported")
    393    return ""

def str_position_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition) -> str: View Source

    396def str_position_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.StrPosition) -> str:
    397    this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    398    substr = self.sql(expression, "substr")
    399    position = self.sql(expression, "position")
    400    if position:
    401        return f"STRPOS(SUBSTR({this}, {position}), {substr}) + {position} - 1"
    402    return f"STRPOS({this}, {substr})"

def struct_extract_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract) -> str: View Source

    405def struct_extract_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.StructExtract) -> str:
    406    this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    407    struct_key = self.sql(exp.Identifier(this=expression.expression, quoted=True))
    408    return f"{this}.{struct_key}"

def var_map_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Map | sqlglot.expressions.VarMap, map_func_name: str = 'MAP') -> str: View Source

    411def var_map_sql(
    412    self: Generator, expression: exp.Map | exp.VarMap, map_func_name: str = "MAP"
    413) -> str:
    414    keys = expression.args["keys"]
    415    values = expression.args["values"]
    416
    417    if not isinstance(keys, exp.Array) or not isinstance(values, exp.Array):
    418        self.unsupported("Cannot convert array columns into map.")
    419        return self.func(map_func_name, keys, values)
    420
    421    args = []
    422    for key, value in zip(keys.expressions, values.expressions):
    423        args.append(self.sql(key))
    424        args.append(self.sql(value))
    425
    426    return self.func(map_func_name, *args)

def format_time_lambda( exp_class: Type[~E], dialect: str, default: Union[str, bool, NoneType] = None) -> Callable[[List], ~E]: View Source

    429def format_time_lambda(
    430    exp_class: t.Type[E], dialect: str, default: t.Optional[bool | str] = None
    431) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
    432    """Helper used for time expressions.
    433
    434    Args:
    435        exp_class: the expression class to instantiate.
    436        dialect: target sql dialect.
    437        default: the default format, True being time.
    438
    439    Returns:
    440        A callable that can be used to return the appropriately formatted time expression.
    441    """
    442
    443    def _format_time(args: t.List):
    444        return exp_class(
    445            this=seq_get(args, 0),
    446            format=Dialect[dialect].format_time(
    447                seq_get(args, 1)
    448                or (Dialect[dialect].TIME_FORMAT if default is True else default or None)
    449            ),
    450        )
    451
    452    return _format_time

Helper used for time expressions.

###### Arguments:

- exp_class: the expression class to instantiate.
- dialect: target sql dialect.
- default: the default format, True being time.

###### Returns:

> A callable that can be used to return the appropriately formatted time expression.

def create_with_partitions_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Create) -> str: View Source

    455def create_with_partitions_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
    456    """
    457    In Hive and Spark, the PARTITIONED BY property acts as an extension of a table's schema. When the
    458    PARTITIONED BY value is an array of column names, they are transformed into a schema. The corresponding
    459    columns are removed from the create statement.
    460    """
    461    has_schema = isinstance(expression.this, exp.Schema)
    462    is_partitionable = expression.args.get("kind") in ("TABLE", "VIEW")
    463
    464    if has_schema and is_partitionable:
    465        expression = expression.copy()
    466        prop = expression.find(exp.PartitionedByProperty)
    467        if prop and prop.this and not isinstance(prop.this, exp.Schema):
    468            schema = expression.this
    469            columns = {v.name.upper() for v in prop.this.expressions}
    470            partitions = [col for col in schema.expressions if col.name.upper() in columns]
    471            schema.set("expressions", [e for e in schema.expressions if e not in partitions])
    472            prop.replace(exp.PartitionedByProperty(this=exp.Schema(expressions=partitions)))
    473            expression.set("this", schema)
    474
    475    return self.create_sql(expression)

In Hive and Spark, the PARTITIONED BY property acts as an extension of a table's schema. When the PARTITIONED BY value is an array of column names, they are transformed into a schema. The corresponding columns are removed from the create statement.

def parse_date_delta( exp_class: Type[~E], unit_mapping: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None) -> Callable[[List], ~E]: View Source

    478def parse_date_delta(
    479    exp_class: t.Type[E], unit_mapping: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, str]] = None
    480) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
    481    def inner_func(args: t.List) -> E:
    482        unit_based = len(args) == 3
    483        this = args[2] if unit_based else seq_get(args, 0)
    484        unit = args[0] if unit_based else exp.Literal.string("DAY")
    485        unit = exp.var(unit_mapping.get(unit.name.lower(), unit.name)) if unit_mapping else unit
    486        return exp_class(this=this, expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=unit)
    487
    488    return inner_func

def parse_date_delta_with_interval(expression_class: Type[~E]) -> Callable[[List], Optional[~E]]: View Source

    491def parse_date_delta_with_interval(
    492    expression_class: t.Type[E],
    493) -> t.Callable[[t.List], t.Optional[E]]:
    494    def func(args: t.List) -> t.Optional[E]:
    495        if len(args) < 2:
    496            return None
    497
    498        interval = args[1]
    499        expression = interval.this
    500        if expression and expression.is_string:
    501            expression = exp.Literal.number(expression.this)
    502
    503        return expression_class(
    504            this=args[0], expression=expression, unit=exp.Literal.string(interval.text("unit"))
    505        )
    506
    507    return func

def date_trunc_to_time( args: List) -> sqlglot.expressions.DateTrunc | sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc: View Source

    510def date_trunc_to_time(args: t.List) -> exp.DateTrunc | exp.TimestampTrunc:
    511    unit = seq_get(args, 0)
    512    this = seq_get(args, 1)
    513
    514    if isinstance(this, exp.Cast) and this.is_type("date"):
    515        return exp.DateTrunc(unit=unit, this=this)
    516    return exp.TimestampTrunc(this=this, unit=unit)

def timestamptrunc_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc) -> str: View Source

    519def timestamptrunc_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TimestampTrunc) -> str:
    520    return self.func(
    521        "DATE_TRUNC", exp.Literal.string(expression.text("unit") or "day"), expression.this
    522    )

def locate_to_strposition(args: List) -> sqlglot.expressions.Expression: View Source

    525def locate_to_strposition(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
    526    return exp.StrPosition(
    527        this=seq_get(args, 1), substr=seq_get(args, 0), position=seq_get(args, 2)
    528    )

def strposition_to_locate_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition) -> str: View Source

    531def strposition_to_locate_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.StrPosition) -> str:
    532    return self.func(
    533        "LOCATE", expression.args.get("substr"), expression.this, expression.args.get("position")
    534    )

def left_to_substring_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Left) -> str: View Source

    537def left_to_substring_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
    538    expression = expression.copy()
    539    return self.sql(
    540        exp.Substring(
    541            this=expression.this, start=exp.Literal.number(1), length=expression.expression
    542        )
    543    )

def right_to_substring_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Left) -> str: View Source

    546def right_to_substring_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
    547    expression = expression.copy()
    548    return self.sql(
    549        exp.Substring(
    550            this=expression.this,
    551            start=exp.Length(this=expression.this) - exp.paren(expression.expression - 1),
    552        )
    553    )

def timestrtotime_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime) -> str: View Source

    556def timestrtotime_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TimeStrToTime) -> str:
    557    return f"CAST({self.sql(expression, 'this')} AS TIMESTAMP)"

def datestrtodate_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate) -> str: View Source

    560def datestrtodate_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.DateStrToDate) -> str:
    561    return f"CAST({self.sql(expression, 'this')} AS DATE)"

def min_or_least( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Min) -> str: View Source

    564def min_or_least(self: Generator, expression: exp.Min) -> str:
    565    name = "LEAST" if expression.expressions else "MIN"
    566    return rename_func(name)(self, expression)

def max_or_greatest( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Max) -> str: View Source

    569def max_or_greatest(self: Generator, expression: exp.Max) -> str:
    570    name = "GREATEST" if expression.expressions else "MAX"
    571    return rename_func(name)(self, expression)

def count_if_to_sum( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.CountIf) -> str: View Source

    574def count_if_to_sum(self: Generator, expression: exp.CountIf) -> str:
    575    cond = expression.this
    576
    577    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Distinct):
    578        cond = expression.this.expressions[0]
    579        self.unsupported("DISTINCT is not supported when converting COUNT_IF to SUM")
    580
    581    return self.func("sum", exp.func("if", cond, 1, 0))

def trim_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Trim) -> str: View Source

    584def trim_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Trim) -> str:
    585    target = self.sql(expression, "this")
    586    trim_type = self.sql(expression, "position")
    587    remove_chars = self.sql(expression, "expression")
    588    collation = self.sql(expression, "collation")
    589
    590    # Use TRIM/LTRIM/RTRIM syntax if the expression isn't database-specific
    591    if not remove_chars and not collation:
    592        return self.trim_sql(expression)
    593
    594    trim_type = f"{trim_type} " if trim_type else ""
    595    remove_chars = f"{remove_chars} " if remove_chars else ""
    596    from_part = "FROM " if trim_type or remove_chars else ""
    597    collation = f" COLLATE {collation}" if collation else ""
    598    return f"TRIM({trim_type}{remove_chars}{from_part}{target}{collation})"

def str_to_time_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression) -> str: View Source

    601def str_to_time_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Expression) -> str:
    602    return self.func("STRPTIME", expression.this, self.format_time(expression))

def ts_or_ds_to_date_sql(dialect: str) -> Callable: View Source

    605def ts_or_ds_to_date_sql(dialect: str) -> t.Callable:
    606    def _ts_or_ds_to_date_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TsOrDsToDate) -> str:
    607        _dialect = Dialect.get_or_raise(dialect)
    608        time_format = self.format_time(expression)
    609        if time_format and time_format not in (_dialect.TIME_FORMAT, _dialect.DATE_FORMAT):
    610            return f"CAST({str_to_time_sql(self, expression)} AS DATE)"
    611        return f"CAST({self.sql(expression, 'this')} AS DATE)"
    612
    613    return _ts_or_ds_to_date_sql

def concat_to_dpipe_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Concat | sqlglot.expressions.SafeConcat) -> str: View Source

    616def concat_to_dpipe_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Concat | exp.SafeConcat) -> str:
    617    this, *rest_args = expression.expressions
    618    for arg in rest_args:
    619        this = exp.DPipe(this=this, expression=arg)
    620
    621    return self.sql(this)

def regexp_extract_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract) -> str: View Source

    624def regexp_extract_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.RegexpExtract) -> str:
    625    bad_args = list(filter(expression.args.get, ("position", "occurrence", "parameters")))
    626    if bad_args:
    627        self.unsupported(f"REGEXP_EXTRACT does not support the following arg(s): {bad_args}")
    628
    629    return self.func(
    630        "REGEXP_EXTRACT", expression.this, expression.expression, expression.args.get("group")
    631    )

def regexp_replace_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.RegexpReplace) -> str: View Source

    634def regexp_replace_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.RegexpReplace) -> str:
    635    bad_args = list(filter(expression.args.get, ("position", "occurrence", "parameters")))
    636    if bad_args:
    637        self.unsupported(f"REGEXP_REPLACE does not support the following arg(s): {bad_args}")
    638
    639    return self.func(
    640        "REGEXP_REPLACE", expression.this, expression.expression, expression.args["replacement"]
    641    )

def pivot_column_names( aggregations: List[sqlglot.expressions.Expression], dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType]) -> List[str]: View Source

    644def pivot_column_names(aggregations: t.List[exp.Expression], dialect: DialectType) -> t.List[str]:
    645    names = []
    646    for agg in aggregations:
    647        if isinstance(agg, exp.Alias):
    648            names.append(agg.alias)
    649        else:
    650            """
    651            This case corresponds to aggregations without aliases being used as suffixes
    652            (e.g. col_avg(foo)). We need to unquote identifiers because they're going to
    653            be quoted in the base parser's `_parse_pivot` method, due to `to_identifier`.
    654            Otherwise, we'd end up with `col_avg(`foo`)` (notice the double quotes).
    655            """
    656            agg_all_unquoted = agg.transform(
    657                lambda node: exp.Identifier(this=node.name, quoted=False)
    658                if isinstance(node, exp.Identifier)
    659                else node
    660            )
    661            names.append(agg_all_unquoted.sql(dialect=dialect, normalize_functions="lower"))
    662
    663    return names