# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

# PLEASE DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE, IT IS GENERATED AND WILL BE OVERWRITTEN:
# https://github.com/ccxt/ccxt/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-code

from ccxt.async_support.base.exchange import Exchange

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

try:
    basestring  # Python 3
except NameError:
    basestring = str  # Python 2
import hashlib
import math
from ccxt.base.errors import ExchangeError
from ccxt.base.errors import AuthenticationError
from ccxt.base.errors import PermissionDenied
from ccxt.base.errors import ArgumentsRequired
from ccxt.base.errors import BadRequest
from ccxt.base.errors import BadSymbol
from ccxt.base.errors import InsufficientFunds
from ccxt.base.errors import InvalidAddress
from ccxt.base.errors import InvalidOrder
from ccxt.base.errors import OrderNotFound
from ccxt.base.errors import CancelPending
from ccxt.base.errors import DDoSProtection
from ccxt.base.errors import RateLimitExceeded
from ccxt.base.errors import ExchangeNotAvailable
from ccxt.base.errors import OnMaintenance
from ccxt.base.errors import InvalidNonce
from ccxt.base.decimal_to_precision import TRUNCATE
from ccxt.base.decimal_to_precision import DECIMAL_PLACES
from ccxt.base.precise import Precise


class kraken(Exchange):

    def describe(self):
        return self.deep_extend(super(kraken, self).describe(), {
            'id': 'kraken',
            'name': 'Kraken',
            'countries': ['US'],
            'version': '0',
            'rateLimit': 3000,
            'certified': False,
            'pro': True,
            'has': {
                'margin': True,
                'cancelAllOrders': True,
                'cancelOrder': True,
                'CORS': None,
                'createDepositAddress': True,
                'createOrder': True,
                'fetchBalance': True,
                'fetchBorrowRate': False,
                'fetchBorrowRateHistory': False,
                'fetchBorrowRates': False,
                'fetchClosedOrders': True,
                'fetchCurrencies': True,
                'fetchDepositAddress': True,
                'fetchDeposits': True,
                'fetchLedger': True,
                'fetchLedgerEntry': True,
                'fetchMarkets': True,
                'fetchMyTrades': True,
                'fetchOHLCV': True,
                'fetchOpenOrders': True,
                'fetchOrder': True,
                'fetchOrderBook': True,
                'fetchOrderTrades': 'emulated',
                'fetchPositions': True,
                'fetchPremiumIndexOHLCV': False,
                'fetchTicker': True,
                'fetchTickers': True,
                'fetchTime': True,
                'fetchTrades': True,
                'fetchTradingFees': True,
                'fetchWithdrawals': True,
                'setMarginMode': False,  # Kraken only supports cross margin
                'withdraw': True,
            },
            'marketsByAltname': {},
            'timeframes': {
                '1m': 1,
                '5m': 5,
                '15m': 15,
                '30m': 30,
                '1h': 60,
                '4h': 240,
                '1d': 1440,
                '1w': 10080,
                '2w': 21600,
            },
            'urls': {
                'logo': 'https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/51840849/76173629-fc67fb00-61b1-11ea-84fe-f2de582f58a3.jpg',
                'api': {
                    'public': 'https://api.kraken.com',
                    'private': 'https://api.kraken.com',
                    'zendesk': 'https://kraken.zendesk.com/api/v2/help_center/en-us/articles',  # use the public zendesk api to receive article bodies and bypass new anti-spam protections
                },
                'www': 'https://www.kraken.com',
                'doc': 'https://www.kraken.com/features/api',
                'fees': 'https://www.kraken.com/en-us/features/fee-schedule',
            },
            'fees': {
                'trading': {
                    'tierBased': True,
                    'percentage': True,
                    'taker': 0.26 / 100,
                    'maker': 0.16 / 100,
                    'tiers': {
                        'taker': [
                            [0, 0.0026],
                            [50000, 0.0024],
                            [100000, 0.0022],
                            [250000, 0.0020],
                            [500000, 0.0018],
                            [1000000, 0.0016],
                            [2500000, 0.0014],
                            [5000000, 0.0012],
                            [10000000, 0.0001],
                        ],
                        'maker': [
                            [0, 0.0016],
                            [50000, 0.0014],
                            [100000, 0.0012],
                            [250000, 0.0010],
                            [500000, 0.0008],
                            [1000000, 0.0006],
                            [2500000, 0.0004],
                            [5000000, 0.0002],
                            [10000000, 0.0],
                        ],
                    },
                },
                # self is a bad way of hardcoding fees that change on daily basis
                # hardcoding is now considered obsolete, we will remove all of it eventually
                'funding': {
                    'tierBased': False,
                    'percentage': False,
                    'withdraw': {
                        'BTC': 0.001,
                        'ETH': 0.005,
                        'XRP': 0.02,
                        'XLM': 0.00002,
                        'LTC': 0.02,
                        'DOGE': 2,
                        'ZEC': 0.00010,
                        'ICN': 0.02,
                        'REP': 0.01,
                        'ETC': 0.005,
                        'MLN': 0.003,
                        'XMR': 0.05,
                        'DASH': 0.005,
                        'GNO': 0.01,
                        'EOS': 0.5,
                        'BCH': 0.001,
                        'XTZ': 0.05,
                        'USD': 5,  # if domestic wire
                        'EUR': 5,  # if domestic wire
                        'CAD': 10,  # CAD EFT Withdrawal
                        'JPY': 300,  # if domestic wire
                    },
                    'deposit': {
                        'BTC': 0,
                        'ETH': 0,
                        'XRP': 0,
                        'XLM': 0,
                        'LTC': 0,
                        'DOGE': 0,
                        'ZEC': 0,
                        'ICN': 0,
                        'REP': 0,
                        'ETC': 0,
                        'MLN': 0,
                        'XMR': 0,
                        'DASH': 0,
                        'GNO': 0,
                        'EOS': 0,
                        'BCH': 0,
                        'XTZ': 0.05,
                        'USD': 5,  # if domestic wire
                        'EUR': 0,  # free deposit if EUR SEPA Deposit
                        'CAD': 5,  # if domestic wire
                        'JPY': 0,  # Domestic Deposit(Free, ¥5,000 deposit minimum)
                    },
                },
            },
            'handleContentTypeApplicationZip': True,
            'api': {
                'zendesk': {
                    'get': [
                        # we should really refrain from putting fixed fee numbers and stop hardcoding
                        # we will be using their web APIs to scrape all numbers from these articles
                        '360000292886',  # -What-are-the-deposit-fees-
                        '201893608',  # -What-are-the-withdrawal-fees-
                    ],
                },
                'public': {
                    'get': [
                        'Assets',
                        'AssetPairs',
                        'Depth',
                        'OHLC',
                        'Spread',
                        'Ticker',
                        'Time',
                        'Trades',
                    ],
                },
                'private': {
                    'post': {
                        'AddOrder': 0,
                        'AddExport': 1,
                        'Balance': 1,
                        'CancelAll': 1,
                        'CancelOrder': 0,
                        'ClosedOrders': 2,
                        'DepositAddresses': 1,
                        'DepositMethods': 1,
                        'DepositStatus': 1,
                        'ExportStatus': 1,
                        'GetWebSocketsToken': 1,
                        'Ledgers': 2,
                        'OpenOrders': 1,
                        'OpenPositions': 1,
                        'QueryLedgers': 1,
                        'QueryOrders': 1,
                        'QueryTrades': 1,
                        'RetrieveExport': 1,
                        'RemoveExport': 1,
                        'TradeBalance': 1,
                        'TradesHistory': 2,
                        'TradeVolume': 1,
                        'Withdraw': 1,
                        'WithdrawCancel': 1,
                        'WithdrawInfo': 1,
                        'WithdrawStatus': 1,
                        # staking
                        'Stake': 1,
                        'Unstake': 1,
                        'Staking/Assets': 1,
                        'Staking/Pending': 1,
                        'Staking/Transactions': 1,
                    },
                },
            },
            'commonCurrencies': {
                'XBT': 'BTC',
                'XBT.M': 'BTC.M',  # https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/360039879471-What-is-Asset-S-and-Asset-M-
                'XDG': 'DOGE',
                'REPV2': 'REP',
                'REP': 'REPV1',
            },
            'options': {
                'delistedMarketsById': {},
                # cannot withdraw/deposit these
                'inactiveCurrencies': ['CAD', 'USD', 'JPY', 'GBP'],
                'networks': {
                    'ETH': 'ERC20',
                    'TRX': 'TRC20',
                },
                'depositMethods': {
                    '1INCH': '1inch(1INCH)',
                    'AAVE': 'Aave',
                    'ADA': 'ADA',
                    'ALGO': 'Algorand',
                    'ANKR': 'ANKR(ANKR)',
                    'ANT': 'Aragon(ANT)',
                    'ATOM': 'Cosmos',
                    'AXS': 'Axie Infinity Shards(AXS)',
                    'BADGER': 'Bager DAO(BADGER)',
                    'BAL': 'Balancer(BAL)',
                    'BAND': 'Band Protocol(BAND)',
                    'BAT': 'BAT',
                    'BCH': 'Bitcoin Cash',
                    'BNC': 'Bifrost(BNC)',
                    'BNT': 'Bancor(BNT)',
                    'BTC': 'Bitcoin',
                    'CHZ': 'Chiliz(CHZ)',
                    'COMP': 'Compound(COMP)',
                    'CQT': '\tCovalent Query Token(CQT)',
                    'CRV': 'Curve DAO Token(CRV)',
                    'CTSI': 'Cartesi(CTSI)',
                    'DAI': 'Dai',
                    'DASH': 'Dash',
                    'DOGE': 'Dogecoin',
                    'DOT': 'Polkadot',
                    'DYDX': 'dYdX(DYDX)',
                    'ENJ': 'Enjin Coin(ENJ)',
                    'EOS': 'EOS',
                    'ETC': 'Ether Classic(Hex)',
                    'ETH': 'Ether(Hex)',
                    'EWT': 'Energy Web Token',
                    'FEE': 'Kraken Fee Credit',
                    'FIL': 'Filecoin',
                    'FLOW': 'Flow',
                    'GHST': 'Aavegotchi(GHST)',
                    'GNO': 'GNO',
                    'GRT': 'GRT',
                    'ICX': 'Icon',
                    'INJ': 'Injective Protocol(INJ)',
                    'KAR': 'Karura(KAR)',
                    'KAVA': 'Kava',
                    'KEEP': 'Keep Token(KEEP)',
                    'KNC': 'Kyber Network(KNC)',
                    'KSM': 'Kusama',
                    'LINK': 'Link',
                    'LPT': 'Livepeer Token(LPT)',
                    'LRC': 'Loopring(LRC)',
                    'LSK': 'Lisk',
                    'LTC': 'Litecoin',
                    'MANA': 'MANA',
                    'MATIC': 'Polygon(MATIC)',
                    'MINA': 'Mina',  # inspected from webui
                    'MIR': 'Mirror Protocol(MIR)',
                    'MKR': 'Maker(MKR)',
                    'MLN': 'MLN',
                    'MOVR': 'Moonriver(MOVR)',
                    'NANO': 'NANO',
                    'OCEAN': 'OCEAN',
                    'OGN': 'Origin Protocol(OGN)',
                    'OMG': 'OMG',
                    'OXT': 'Orchid(OXT)',
                    'OXY': 'Oxygen(OXY)',
                    'PAXG': 'PAX(Gold)',
                    'PERP': 'Perpetual Protocol(PERP)',
                    'PHA': 'Phala(PHA)',
                    'QTUM': 'QTUM',
                    'RARI': 'Rarible(RARI)',
                    'RAY': 'Raydium(RAY)',
                    'REN': 'Ren Protocol(REN)',
                    'REP': 'REPv2',
                    'REPV1': 'REP',
                    'SAND': 'The Sandbox(SAND)',
                    'SC': 'Siacoin',
                    'SDN': 'Shiden(SDN)',
                    'SOL': 'Solana',  # their deposit method api doesn't work for SOL - was guessed
                    'SNX': 'Synthetix  Network(SNX)',
                    'SRM': 'Serum',  # inspected from webui
                    'STORJ': 'Storj(STORJ)',
                    'SUSHI': 'Sushiswap(SUSHI)',
                    'TBTC': 'tBTC',
                    'TRX': 'Tron',
                    'UNI': 'UNI',
                    'USDC': 'USDC',
                    'USDT': 'Tether USD(ERC20)',
                    'USDT-TRC20': 'Tether USD(TRC20)',
                    'WAVES': 'Waves',
                    'WBTC': 'Wrapped Bitcoin(WBTC)',
                    'XLM': 'Stellar XLM',
                    'XMR': 'Monero',
                    'XRP': 'Ripple XRP',
                    'XTZ': 'XTZ',
                    'YFI': 'YFI',
                    'ZEC': 'Zcash(Transparent)',
                    'ZRX': '0x(ZRX)',
                },
            },
            'exceptions': {
                'EQuery:Invalid asset pair': BadSymbol,  # {"error":["EQuery:Invalid asset pair"]}
                'EAPI:Invalid key': AuthenticationError,
                'EFunding:Unknown withdraw key': InvalidAddress,  # {"error":["EFunding:Unknown withdraw key"]}
                'EFunding:Invalid amount': InsufficientFunds,
                'EService:Unavailable': ExchangeNotAvailable,
                'EDatabase:Internal error': ExchangeNotAvailable,
                'EService:Busy': ExchangeNotAvailable,
                'EQuery:Unknown asset': BadSymbol,  # {"error":["EQuery:Unknown asset"]}
                'EAPI:Rate limit exceeded': DDoSProtection,
                'EOrder:Rate limit exceeded': DDoSProtection,
                'EGeneral:Internal error': ExchangeNotAvailable,
                'EGeneral:Temporary lockout': DDoSProtection,
                'EGeneral:Permission denied': PermissionDenied,
                'EOrder:Unknown order': InvalidOrder,
                'EOrder:Order minimum not met': InvalidOrder,
                'EGeneral:Invalid arguments': BadRequest,
                'ESession:Invalid session': AuthenticationError,
                'EAPI:Invalid nonce': InvalidNonce,
                'EFunding:No funding method': BadRequest,  # {"error":"EFunding:No funding method"}
                'EFunding:Unknown asset': BadSymbol,  # {"error":["EFunding:Unknown asset"]}
                'EService:Market in post_only mode': OnMaintenance,  # {"error":["EService:Market in post_only mode"]}
            },
        })

    def cost_to_precision(self, symbol, cost):
        return self.decimal_to_precision(cost, TRUNCATE, self.markets[symbol]['precision']['price'], DECIMAL_PLACES)

    def fee_to_precision(self, symbol, fee):
        return self.decimal_to_precision(fee, TRUNCATE, self.markets[symbol]['precision']['amount'], DECIMAL_PLACES)

    async def fetch_markets(self, params={}):
        response = await self.publicGetAssetPairs(params)
        #
        #     {
        #         "error":[],
        #         "result":{
        #             "ADAETH":{
        #                 "altname":"ADAETH",
        #                 "wsname":"ADA\/ETH",
        #                 "aclass_base":"currency",
        #                 "base":"ADA",
        #                 "aclass_quote":"currency",
        #                 "quote":"XETH",
        #                 "lot":"unit",
        #                 "pair_decimals":7,
        #                 "lot_decimals":8,
        #                 "lot_multiplier":1,
        #                 "leverage_buy":[],
        #                 "leverage_sell":[],
        #                 "fees":[
        #                     [0,0.26],
        #                     [50000,0.24],
        #                     [100000,0.22],
        #                     [250000,0.2],
        #                     [500000,0.18],
        #                     [1000000,0.16],
        #                     [2500000,0.14],
        #                     [5000000,0.12],
        #                     [10000000,0.1]
        #                 ],
        #                 "fees_maker":[
        #                     [0,0.16],
        #                     [50000,0.14],
        #                     [100000,0.12],
        #                     [250000,0.1],
        #                     [500000,0.08],
        #                     [1000000,0.06],
        #                     [2500000,0.04],
        #                     [5000000,0.02],
        #                     [10000000,0]
        #                 ],
        #                 "fee_volume_currency":"ZUSD",
        #                 "margin_call":80,
        #                 "margin_stop":40,
        #                 "ordermin": "1"
        #             },
        #         }
        #     }
        #
        markets = self.safe_value(response, 'result', {})
        keys = list(markets.keys())
        result = []
        for i in range(0, len(keys)):
            id = keys[i]
            market = markets[id]
            baseId = self.safe_string(market, 'base')
            quoteId = self.safe_string(market, 'quote')
            base = self.safe_currency_code(baseId)
            quote = self.safe_currency_code(quoteId)
            darkpool = id.find('.d') >= 0
            altname = self.safe_string(market, 'altname')
            symbol = altname if darkpool else (base + '/' + quote)
            makerFees = self.safe_value(market, 'fees_maker', [])
            firstMakerFee = self.safe_value(makerFees, 0, [])
            firstMakerFeeRate = self.safe_number(firstMakerFee, 1)
            maker = None
            if firstMakerFeeRate is not None:
                maker = float(firstMakerFeeRate) / 100
            takerFees = self.safe_value(market, 'fees', [])
            firstTakerFee = self.safe_value(takerFees, 0, [])
            firstTakerFeeRate = self.safe_number(firstTakerFee, 1)
            taker = None
            if firstTakerFeeRate is not None:
                taker = float(firstTakerFeeRate) / 100
            precision = {
                'amount': self.safe_integer(market, 'lot_decimals'),
                'price': self.safe_integer(market, 'pair_decimals'),
            }
            minAmount = self.safe_number(market, 'ordermin')
            leverageBuy = self.safe_value(market, 'leverage_buy', [])
            leverageBuyLength = len(leverageBuy)
            maxLeverage = self.safe_value(leverageBuy, leverageBuyLength - 1, 1)
            result.append({
                'id': id,
                'symbol': symbol,
                'base': base,
                'quote': quote,
                'baseId': baseId,
                'quoteId': quoteId,
                'darkpool': darkpool,
                'info': market,
                'altname': market['altname'],
                'maker': maker,
                'taker': taker,
                'type': 'spot',
                'spot': True,
                'active': True,
                'precision': precision,
                'limits': {
                    'amount': {
                        'min': minAmount,
                        'max': None,
                    },
                    'price': {
                        'min': math.pow(10, -precision['price']),
                        'max': None,
                    },
                    'cost': {
                        'min': None,
                        'max': None,
                    },
                    'leverage': {
                        'max': maxLeverage,
                    },
                },
            })
        result = self.append_inactive_markets(result)
        self.marketsByAltname = self.index_by(result, 'altname')
        return result

    def safe_currency(self, currencyId, currency=None):
        if currencyId is not None:
            if len(currencyId) > 3:
                if (currencyId.find('X') == 0) or (currencyId.find('Z') == 0):
                    if currencyId.find('.') > 0:
                        return super(kraken, self).safe_currency(currencyId, currency)
                    else:
                        currencyId = currencyId[1:]
        return super(kraken, self).safe_currency(currencyId, currency)

    def append_inactive_markets(self, result):
        # result should be an array to append to
        precision = {'amount': 8, 'price': 8}
        costLimits = {'min': 0, 'max': None}
        priceLimits = {'min': math.pow(10, -precision['price']), 'max': None}
        amountLimits = {'min': math.pow(10, -precision['amount']), 'max': math.pow(10, precision['amount'])}
        limits = {'amount': amountLimits, 'price': priceLimits, 'cost': costLimits}
        defaults = {
            'darkpool': False,
            'info': None,
            'maker': None,
            'taker': None,
            'active': False,
            'precision': precision,
            'limits': limits,
        }
        markets = [
            # {'id': 'XXLMZEUR', 'symbol': 'XLM/EUR', 'base': 'XLM', 'quote': 'EUR', 'altname': 'XLMEUR'},
        ]
        for i in range(0, len(markets)):
            result.append(self.extend(defaults, markets[i]))
        return result

    async def fetch_currencies(self, params={}):
        response = await self.publicGetAssets(params)
        #
        #     {
        #         "error": [],
        #         "result": {
        #             "ADA": {"aclass": "currency", "altname": "ADA", "decimals": 8, "display_decimals": 6},
        #             "BCH": {"aclass": "currency", "altname": "BCH", "decimals": 10, "display_decimals": 5},
        #             ...
        #         },
        #     }
        #
        currencies = self.safe_value(response, 'result')
        ids = list(currencies.keys())
        result = {}
        for i in range(0, len(ids)):
            id = ids[i]
            currency = currencies[id]
            # todo: will need to rethink the fees
            # see: https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/201893608-What-are-the-withdrawal-fees-
            # to add support for multiple withdrawal/deposit methods and
            # differentiated fees for each particular method
            code = self.safe_currency_code(self.safe_string(currency, 'altname'))
            precision = self.safe_integer(currency, 'decimals')
            # assumes all currencies are active except those listed above
            active = not self.in_array(code, self.options['inactiveCurrencies'])
            result[code] = {
                'id': id,
                'code': code,
                'info': currency,
                'name': code,
                'active': active,
                'fee': None,
                'precision': precision,
                'limits': {
                    'amount': {
                        'min': math.pow(10, -precision),
                        'max': math.pow(10, precision),
                    },
                    'withdraw': {
                        'min': None,
                        'max': math.pow(10, precision),
                    },
                },
            }
        return result

    async def fetch_trading_fees(self, params={}):
        await self.load_markets()
        response = await self.privatePostTradeVolume(params)
        tradedVolume = self.safe_number(response['result'], 'volume')
        tiers = self.fees['trading']['tiers']
        taker = tiers['taker'][1]
        maker = tiers['maker'][1]
        for i in range(0, len(tiers['taker'])):
            if tradedVolume >= tiers['taker'][i][0]:
                taker = tiers['taker'][i][1]
        for i in range(0, len(tiers['maker'])):
            if tradedVolume >= tiers['maker'][i][0]:
                maker = tiers['maker'][i][1]
        return {
            'info': response,
            'maker': maker,
            'taker': taker,
        }

    def parse_bid_ask(self, bidask, priceKey=0, amountKey=1):
        price = self.safe_number(bidask, priceKey)
        amount = self.safe_number(bidask, amountKey)
        timestamp = self.safe_integer(bidask, 2)
        return [price, amount, timestamp]

    async def fetch_order_book(self, symbol, limit=None, params={}):
        await self.load_markets()
        market = self.market(symbol)
        if market['darkpool']:
            raise ExchangeError(self.id + ' does not provide an order book for darkpool symbol ' + symbol)
        request = {
            'pair': market['id'],
        }
        if limit is not None:
            request['count'] = limit  # 100
        response = await self.publicGetDepth(self.extend(request, params))
        #
        #     {
        #         "error":[],
        #         "result":{
        #             "XETHXXBT":{
        #                 "asks":[
        #                     ["0.023480","4.000",1586321307],
        #                     ["0.023490","50.095",1586321306],
        #                     ["0.023500","28.535",1586321302],
        #                 ],
        #                 "bids":[
        #                     ["0.023470","59.580",1586321307],
        #                     ["0.023460","20.000",1586321301],
        #                     ["0.023440","67.832",1586321306],
        #                 ]
        #             }
        #         }
        #     }
        #
        result = self.safe_value(response, 'result', {})
        orderbook = self.safe_value(result, market['id'])
        # sometimes kraken returns wsname instead of market id
        # https://github.com/ccxt/ccxt/issues/8662
        marketInfo = self.safe_value(market, 'info', {})
        wsName = self.safe_value(marketInfo, 'wsname')
        if wsName is not None:
            orderbook = self.safe_value(result, wsName, orderbook)
        return self.parse_order_book(orderbook, symbol)

    def parse_ticker(self, ticker, market=None):
        timestamp = self.milliseconds()
        symbol = None
        if market:
            symbol = market['symbol']
        baseVolume = float(ticker['v'][1])
        vwap = float(ticker['p'][1])
        quoteVolume = None
        if baseVolume is not None and vwap is not None:
            quoteVolume = baseVolume * vwap
        last = float(ticker['c'][0])
        return {
            'symbol': symbol,
            'timestamp': timestamp,
            'datetime': self.iso8601(timestamp),
            'high': float(ticker['h'][1]),
            'low': float(ticker['l'][1]),
            'bid': float(ticker['b'][0]),
            'bidVolume': None,
            'ask': float(ticker['a'][0]),
            'askVolume': None,
            'vwap': vwap,
            'open': self.safe_number(ticker, 'o'),
            'close': last,
            'last': last,
            'previousClose': None,
            'change': None,
            'percentage': None,
            'average': None,
            'baseVolume': baseVolume,
            'quoteVolume': quoteVolume,
            'info': ticker,
        }

    async def fetch_tickers(self, symbols=None, params={}):
        await self.load_markets()
        symbols = self.symbols if (symbols is None) else symbols
        marketIds = []
        for i in range(0, len(symbols)):
            symbol = symbols[i]
            market = self.markets[symbol]
            if market['active'] and not market['darkpool']:
                marketIds.append(market['id'])
        request = {
            'pair': ','.join(marketIds),
        }
        response = await self.publicGetTicker(self.extend(request, params))
        tickers = response['result']
        ids = list(tickers.keys())
        result = {}
        for i in range(0, len(ids)):
            id = ids[i]
            market = self.markets_by_id[id]
            symbol = market['symbol']
            ticker = tickers[id]
            result[symbol] = self.parse_ticker(ticker, market)
        return self.filter_by_array(result, 'symbol', symbols)

    async def fetch_ticker(self, symbol, params={}):
        await self.load_markets()
        darkpool = symbol.find('.d') >= 0
        if darkpool:
            raise ExchangeError(self.id + ' does not provide a ticker for darkpool symbol ' + symbol)
        market = self.market(symbol)
        request = {
            'pair': market['id'],
        }
        response = await self.publicGetTicker(self.extend(request, params))
        ticker = response['result'][market['id']]
        return self.parse_ticker(ticker, market)

    def parse_ohlcv(self, ohlcv, market=None):
        #
        #     [
        #         1591475640,
        #         "0.02500",
        #         "0.02500",
        #         "0.02500",
        #         "0.02500",
        #         "0.02500",
        #         "9.12201000",
        #         5
        #     ]
        #
        return [
            self.safe_timestamp(ohlcv, 0),
            self.safe_number(ohlcv, 1),
            self.safe_number(ohlcv, 2),
            self.safe_number(ohlcv, 3),
            self.safe_number(ohlcv, 4),
            self.safe_number(ohlcv, 6),
        ]

    async def fetch_ohlcv(self, symbol, timeframe='1m', since=None, limit=None, params={}):
        await self.load_markets()
        market = self.market(symbol)
        request = {
            'pair': market['id'],
            'interval': self.timeframes[timeframe],
        }
        if since is not None:
            request['since'] = int((since - 1) / 1000)
        response = await self.publicGetOHLC(self.extend(request, params))
        #
        #     {
        #         "error":[],
        #         "result":{
        #             "XETHXXBT":[
        #                 [1591475580,"0.02499","0.02499","0.02499","0.02499","0.00000","0.00000000",0],
        #                 [1591475640,"0.02500","0.02500","0.02500","0.02500","0.02500","9.12201000",5],
        #                 [1591475700,"0.02499","0.02499","0.02499","0.02499","0.02499","1.28681415",2],
        #                 [1591475760,"0.02499","0.02499","0.02499","0.02499","0.02499","0.08800000",1],
        #             ],
        #             "last":1591517580
        #         }
        #     }
        result = self.safe_value(response, 'result', {})
        ohlcvs = self.safe_value(result, market['id'], [])
        return self.parse_ohlcvs(ohlcvs, market, timeframe, since, limit)

    def parse_ledger_entry_type(self, type):
        types = {
            'trade': 'trade',
            'withdrawal': 'transaction',
            'deposit': 'transaction',
            'transfer': 'transfer',
            'margin': 'margin',
        }
        return self.safe_string(types, type, type)

    def parse_ledger_entry(self, item, currency=None):
        #
        #     {
        #         'LTFK7F-N2CUX-PNY4SX': {
        #             refid: "TSJTGT-DT7WN-GPPQMJ",
        #             time:  1520102320.555,
        #             type: "trade",
        #             aclass: "currency",
        #             asset: "XETH",
        #             amount: "0.1087194600",
        #             fee: "0.0000000000",
        #             balance: "0.2855851000"
        #         },
        #         ...
        #     }
        #
        id = self.safe_string(item, 'id')
        direction = None
        account = None
        referenceId = self.safe_string(item, 'refid')
        referenceAccount = None
        type = self.parse_ledger_entry_type(self.safe_string(item, 'type'))
        code = self.safe_currency_code(self.safe_string(item, 'asset'), currency)
        amount = self.safe_number(item, 'amount')
        if amount < 0:
            direction = 'out'
            amount = abs(amount)
        else:
            direction = 'in'
        time = self.safe_number(item, 'time')
        timestamp = None
        if time is not None:
            timestamp = int(time * 1000)
        fee = {
            'cost': self.safe_number(item, 'fee'),
            'currency': code,
        }
        before = None
        after = self.safe_number(item, 'balance')
        status = 'ok'
        return {
            'info': item,
            'id': id,
            'direction': direction,
            'account': account,
            'referenceId': referenceId,
            'referenceAccount': referenceAccount,
            'type': type,
            'currency': code,
            'amount': amount,
            'before': before,
            'after': after,
            'status': status,
            'timestamp': timestamp,
            'datetime': self.iso8601(timestamp),
            'fee': fee,
        }

    async def fetch_ledger(self, code=None, since=None, limit=None, params={}):
        # https://www.kraken.com/features/api#get-ledgers-info
        await self.load_markets()
        request = {}
        currency = None
        if code is not None:
            currency = self.currency(code)
            request['asset'] = currency['id']
        if since is not None:
            request['start'] = int(since / 1000)
        response = await self.privatePostLedgers(self.extend(request, params))
        # { error: [],
        #   result: {ledger: {'LPUAIB-TS774-UKHP7X': {  refid: "A2B4HBV-L4MDIE-JU4N3N",
        #                                                   time:  1520103488.314,
        #                                                   type: "withdrawal",
        #                                                 aclass: "currency",
        #                                                  asset: "XETH",
        #                                                 amount: "-0.2805800000",
        #                                                    fee: "0.0050000000",
        #                                                balance: "0.0000051000"           },
        result = self.safe_value(response, 'result', {})
        ledger = self.safe_value(result, 'ledger', {})
        keys = list(ledger.keys())
        items = []
        for i in range(0, len(keys)):
            key = keys[i]
            value = ledger[key]
            value['id'] = key
            items.append(value)
        return self.parse_ledger(items, currency, since, limit)

    async def fetch_ledger_entries_by_ids(self, ids, code=None, params={}):
        # https://www.kraken.com/features/api#query-ledgers
        await self.load_markets()
        ids = ','.join(ids)
        request = self.extend({
            'id': ids,
        }, params)
        response = await self.privatePostQueryLedgers(request)
        # { error: [],
        #   result: {'LPUAIB-TS774-UKHP7X': {  refid: "A2B4HBV-L4MDIE-JU4N3N",
        #                                         time:  1520103488.314,
        #                                         type: "withdrawal",
        #                                       aclass: "currency",
        #                                        asset: "XETH",
        #                                       amount: "-0.2805800000",
        #                                          fee: "0.0050000000",
        #                                      balance: "0.0000051000"           }}}
        result = response['result']
        keys = list(result.keys())
        items = []
        for i in range(0, len(keys)):
            key = keys[i]
            value = result[key]
            value['id'] = key
            items.append(value)
        return self.parse_ledger(items)

    async def fetch_ledger_entry(self, id, code=None, params={}):
        items = await self.fetch_ledger_entries_by_ids([id], code, params)
        return items[0]

    def parse_trade(self, trade, market=None):
        #
        # fetchTrades(public)
        #
        #     [
        #         "0.032310",  # price
        #         "4.28169434",  # amount
        #         1541390792.763,  # timestamp
        #         "s",  # sell or buy
        #         "l",  # limit or market
        #         ""
        #     ]
        #
        # fetchOrderTrades(private)
        #
        #     {
        #         id: 'TIMIRG-WUNNE-RRJ6GT',  # injected from outside
        #         ordertxid: 'OQRPN2-LRHFY-HIFA7D',
        #         postxid: 'TKH2SE-M7IF5-CFI7LT',
        #         pair: 'USDCUSDT',
        #         time: 1586340086.457,
        #         type: 'sell',
        #         ordertype: 'market',
        #         price: '0.99860000',
        #         cost: '22.16892001',
        #         fee: '0.04433784',
        #         vol: '22.20000000',
        #         margin: '0.00000000',
        #         misc: ''
        #     }
        #
        timestamp = None
        side = None
        type = None
        price = None
        amount = None
        id = None
        orderId = None
        fee = None
        symbol = None
        if isinstance(trade, list):
            timestamp = self.safe_timestamp(trade, 2)
            side = 'sell' if (trade[3] == 's') else 'buy'
            type = 'limit' if (trade[4] == 'l') else 'market'
            price = self.safe_string(trade, 0)
            amount = self.safe_string(trade, 1)
            tradeLength = len(trade)
            if tradeLength > 6:
                id = self.safe_string(trade, 6)  # artificially added as per  #1794
        elif isinstance(trade, basestring):
            id = trade
        elif 'ordertxid' in trade:
            marketId = self.safe_string(trade, 'pair')
            foundMarket = self.find_market_by_altname_or_id(marketId)
            if foundMarket is not None:
                market = foundMarket
            elif marketId is not None:
                # delisted market ids go here
                market = self.get_delisted_market_by_id(marketId)
            orderId = self.safe_string(trade, 'ordertxid')
            id = self.safe_string_2(trade, 'id', 'postxid')
            timestamp = self.safe_timestamp(trade, 'time')
            side = self.safe_string(trade, 'type')
            type = self.safe_string(trade, 'ordertype')
            price = self.safe_string(trade, 'price')
            amount = self.safe_string(trade, 'vol')
            if 'fee' in trade:
                currency = None
                if market is not None:
                    currency = market['quote']
                fee = {
                    'cost': self.safe_string(trade, 'fee'),
                    'currency': currency,
                }
        if market is not None:
            symbol = market['symbol']
        cost = self.safe_string(trade, 'cost')
        return self.safe_trade({
            'id': id,
            'order': orderId,
            'info': trade,
            'timestamp': timestamp,
            'datetime': self.iso8601(timestamp),
            'symbol': symbol,
            'type': type,
            'side': side,
            'takerOrMaker': None,
            'price': price,
            'amount': amount,
            'cost': cost,
            'fee': fee,
        }, market)

    async def fetch_trades(self, symbol, since=None, limit=None, params={}):
        await self.load_markets()
        market = self.market(symbol)
        id = market['id']
        request = {
            'pair': id,
        }
        # https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/218198197-How-to-pull-all-trade-data-using-the-Kraken-REST-API
        # https://github.com/ccxt/ccxt/issues/5677
        if since is not None:
            # php does not format it properly
            # therefore we use string concatenation here
            request['since'] = since * 1e6
            request['since'] = str(since) + '000000'  # expected to be in nanoseconds
        # https://github.com/ccxt/ccxt/issues/5698
        if limit is not None and limit != 1000:
            fetchTradesWarning = self.safe_value(self.options, 'fetchTradesWarning', True)
            if fetchTradesWarning:
                raise ExchangeError(self.id + ' fetchTrades() cannot serve ' + str(limit) + " trades without breaking the pagination, see https://github.com/ccxt/ccxt/issues/5698 for more details. Set exchange.options['fetchTradesWarning'] to acknowledge self warning and silence it.")
        response = await self.publicGetTrades(self.extend(request, params))
        #
        #     {
        #         "error": [],
        #         "result": {
        #             "XETHXXBT": [
        #                 ["0.032310","4.28169434",1541390792.763,"s","l",""]
        #             ],
        #             "last": "1541439421200678657"
        #         }
        #     }
        #
        result = response['result']
        trades = result[id]
        # trades is a sorted array: last(most recent trade) goes last
        length = len(trades)
        if length <= 0:
            return []
        lastTrade = trades[length - 1]
        lastTradeId = self.safe_string(result, 'last')
        lastTrade.append(lastTradeId)
        return self.parse_trades(trades, market, since, limit)

    def parse_balance(self, response):
        balances = self.safe_value(response, 'result', {})
        result = {
            'info': response,
            'timestamp': None,
            'datetime': None,
        }
        currencyIds = list(balances.keys())
        for i in range(0, len(currencyIds)):
            currencyId = currencyIds[i]
            code = self.safe_currency_code(currencyId)
            account = self.account()
            account['total'] = self.safe_string(balances, currencyId)
            result[code] = account
        return self.safe_balance(result)

    async def fetch_balance(self, params={}):
        await self.load_markets()
        response = await self.privatePostBalance(params)
        #
        #     {
        #         "error":[],
        #         "result":{
        #             "ZUSD":"58.8649",
        #             "KFEE":"4399.43",
        #             "XXBT":"0.0000034506",
        #         }
        #     }
        #
        return self.parse_balance(response)

    async def create_order(self, symbol, type, side, amount, price=None, params={}):
        await self.load_markets()
        market = self.market(symbol)
        request = {
            'pair': market['id'],
            'type': side,
            'ordertype': type,
            'volume': self.amount_to_precision(symbol, amount),
        }
        clientOrderId = self.safe_string_2(params, 'userref', 'clientOrderId')
        params = self.omit(params, ['userref', 'clientOrderId'])
        if clientOrderId is not None:
            request['userref'] = clientOrderId
        #
        #     market
        #     limit(price = limit price)
        #     stop-loss(price = stop loss price)
        #     take-profit(price = take profit price)
        #     stop-loss-limit(price = stop loss trigger price, price2 = triggered limit price)
        #     take-profit-limit(price = take profit trigger price, price2 = triggered limit price)
        #     settle-position
        #
        if type == 'limit':
            request['price'] = self.price_to_precision(symbol, price)
        elif (type == 'stop-loss') or (type == 'take-profit'):
            stopPrice = self.safe_number_2(params, 'price', 'stopPrice', price)
            if stopPrice is None:
                raise ArgumentsRequired(self.id + ' createOrder() requires a price argument or a price/stopPrice parameter for a ' + type + ' order')
            else:
                request['price'] = self.price_to_precision(symbol, stopPrice)
        elif (type == 'stop-loss-limit') or (type == 'take-profit-limit'):
            stopPrice = self.safe_number_2(params, 'price', 'stopPrice')
            limitPrice = self.safe_number(params, 'price2')
            stopPriceDefined = (stopPrice is not None)
            limitPriceDefined = (limitPrice is not None)
            if stopPriceDefined and limitPriceDefined:
                request['price'] = self.price_to_precision(symbol, stopPrice)
                request['price2'] = self.price_to_precision(symbol, limitPrice)
            elif (price is None) or (not(stopPriceDefined or limitPriceDefined)):
                raise ArgumentsRequired(self.id + ' createOrder() requires a price argument and/or price/stopPrice/price2 parameters for a ' + type + ' order')
            else:
                if stopPriceDefined:
                    request['price'] = self.price_to_precision(symbol, stopPrice)
                    request['price2'] = self.price_to_precision(symbol, price)
                elif limitPriceDefined:
                    request['price'] = self.price_to_precision(symbol, price)
                    request['price2'] = self.price_to_precision(symbol, limitPrice)
        params = self.omit(params, ['price', 'stopPrice', 'price2'])
        response = await self.privatePostAddOrder(self.extend(request, params))
        #
        #     {
        #         error: [],
        #         result: {
        #             descr: {order: 'buy 0.02100000 ETHUSDT @ limit 330.00'},
        #             txid: ['OEKVV2-IH52O-TPL6GZ']
        #         }
        #     }
        #
        result = self.safe_value(response, 'result')
        return self.parse_order(result)

    def find_market_by_altname_or_id(self, id):
        if id in self.marketsByAltname:
            return self.marketsByAltname[id]
        elif id in self.markets_by_id:
            return self.markets_by_id[id]
        return None

    def get_delisted_market_by_id(self, id):
        if id is None:
            return id
        market = self.safe_value(self.options['delistedMarketsById'], id)
        if market is not None:
            return market
        baseIdStart = 0
        baseIdEnd = 3
        quoteIdStart = 3
        quoteIdEnd = 6
        if len(id) == 8:
            baseIdEnd = 4
            quoteIdStart = 4
            quoteIdEnd = 8
        elif len(id) == 7:
            baseIdEnd = 4
            quoteIdStart = 4
            quoteIdEnd = 7
        baseId = id[baseIdStart:baseIdEnd]
        quoteId = id[quoteIdStart:quoteIdEnd]
        base = self.safe_currency_code(baseId)
        quote = self.safe_currency_code(quoteId)
        symbol = base + '/' + quote
        market = {
            'symbol': symbol,
            'base': base,
            'quote': quote,
            'baseId': baseId,
            'quoteId': quoteId,
        }
        self.options['delistedMarketsById'][id] = market
        return market

    def parse_order_status(self, status):
        statuses = {
            'pending': 'open',  # order pending book entry
            'open': 'open',
            'closed': 'closed',
            'canceled': 'canceled',
            'expired': 'expired',
        }
        return self.safe_string(statuses, status, status)

    def parse_order(self, order, market=None):
        #
        # createOrder
        #
        #     {
        #         descr: {order: 'buy 0.02100000 ETHUSDT @ limit 330.00'},
        #         txid: ['OEKVV2-IH52O-TPL6GZ']
        #     }
        #
        description = self.safe_value(order, 'descr', {})
        orderDescription = self.safe_string(description, 'order')
        side = None
        type = None
        marketId = None
        price = None
        amount = None
        if orderDescription is not None:
            parts = orderDescription.split(' ')
            side = self.safe_string(parts, 0)
            amount = self.safe_string(parts, 1)
            marketId = self.safe_string(parts, 2)
            type = self.safe_string(parts, 4)
            price = self.safe_string(parts, 5)
        side = self.safe_string(description, 'type', side)
        type = self.safe_string(description, 'ordertype', type)
        marketId = self.safe_string(description, 'pair', marketId)
        foundMarket = self.find_market_by_altname_or_id(marketId)
        symbol = None
        if foundMarket is not None:
            market = foundMarket
        elif marketId is not None:
            # delisted market ids go here
            market = self.get_delisted_market_by_id(marketId)
        timestamp = self.safe_timestamp(order, 'opentm')
        amount = self.safe_string(order, 'vol', amount)
        filled = self.safe_string(order, 'vol_exec')
        fee = None
        # kraken truncates the cost in the api response so we will ignore it and calculate it from average & filled
        # cost = self.safe_string(order, 'cost')
        price = self.safe_string(description, 'price', price)
        if (price is None) or Precise.string_equals(price, '0'):
            price = self.safe_string(description, 'price2')
        if (price is None) or Precise.string_equals(price, '0'):
            price = self.safe_string(order, 'price', price)
        average = self.safe_number(order, 'price')
        if market is not None:
            symbol = market['symbol']
            if 'fee' in order:
                flags = order['oflags']
                feeCost = self.safe_string(order, 'fee')
                fee = {
                    'cost': feeCost,
                    'rate': None,
                }
                if flags.find('fciq') >= 0:
                    fee['currency'] = market['quote']
                elif flags.find('fcib') >= 0:
                    fee['currency'] = market['base']
        status = self.parse_order_status(self.safe_string(order, 'status'))
        id = self.safe_string(order, 'id')
        if id is None:
            txid = self.safe_value(order, 'txid')
            id = self.safe_string(txid, 0)
        clientOrderId = self.safe_string(order, 'userref')
        rawTrades = self.safe_value(order, 'trades')
        stopPrice = self.safe_number(order, 'stopprice')
        return self.safe_order({
            'id': id,
            'clientOrderId': clientOrderId,
            'info': order,
            'timestamp': timestamp,
            'datetime': self.iso8601(timestamp),
            'lastTradeTimestamp': None,
            'status': status,
            'symbol': symbol,
            'type': type,
            'timeInForce': None,
            'postOnly': None,
            'side': side,
            'price': price,
            'stopPrice': stopPrice,
            'cost': None,
            'amount': amount,
            'filled': filled,
            'average': average,
            'remaining': None,
            'fee': fee,
            'trades': rawTrades,
        }, market)

    async def fetch_order(self, id, symbol=None, params={}):
        await self.load_markets()
        clientOrderId = self.safe_value_2(params, 'userref', 'clientOrderId')
        request = {
            'trades': True,  # whether or not to include trades in output(optional, default False)
            # 'txid': id,  # do not comma separate a list of ids - use fetchOrdersByIds instead
            # 'userref': 'optional',  # restrict results to given user reference id(optional)
        }
        query = params
        if clientOrderId is not None:
            request['userref'] = clientOrderId
            query = self.omit(params, ['userref', 'clientOrderId'])
        else:
            request['txid'] = id
        response = await self.privatePostQueryOrders(self.extend(request, query))
        #
        #     {
        #         "error":[],
        #         "result":{
        #             "OTLAS3-RRHUF-NDWH5A":{
        #                 "refid":null,
        #                 "userref":null,
        #                 "status":"closed",
        #                 "reason":null,
        #                 "opentm":1586822919.3342,
        #                 "closetm":1586822919.365,
        #                 "starttm":0,
        #                 "expiretm":0,
        #                 "descr":{
        #                     "pair":"XBTUSDT",
        #                     "type":"sell",
        #                     "ordertype":"market",
        #                     "price":"0",
        #                     "price2":"0",
        #                     "leverage":"none",
        #                     "order":"sell 0.21804000 XBTUSDT @ market",
        #                     "close":""
        #                 },
        #                 "vol":"0.21804000",
        #                 "vol_exec":"0.21804000",
        #                 "cost":"1493.9",
        #                 "fee":"3.8",
        #                 "price":"6851.5",
        #                 "stopprice":"0.00000",
        #                 "limitprice":"0.00000",
        #                 "misc":"",
        #                 "oflags":"fciq",
        #                 "trades":["TT5UC3-GOIRW-6AZZ6R"]
        #             }
        #         }
        #     }
        #
        result = self.safe_value(response, 'result', [])
        if not (id in result):
            raise OrderNotFound(self.id + ' fetchOrder() could not find order id ' + id)
        order = self.parse_order(self.extend({'id': id}, result[id]))
        return self.extend({'info': response}, order)

    async def fetch_order_trades(self, id, symbol=None, since=None, limit=None, params={}):
        orderTrades = self.safe_value(params, 'trades')
        tradeIds = []
        if orderTrades is None:
            raise ArgumentsRequired(self.id + " fetchOrderTrades() requires a unified order structure in the params argument or a 'trades' param(an array of trade id strings)")
        else:
            for i in range(0, len(orderTrades)):
                orderTrade = orderTrades[i]
                if isinstance(orderTrade, basestring):
                    tradeIds.append(orderTrade)
                else:
                    tradeIds.append(orderTrade['id'])
        await self.load_markets()
        options = self.safe_value(self.options, 'fetchOrderTrades', {})
        batchSize = self.safe_integer(options, 'batchSize', 20)
        numTradeIds = len(tradeIds)
        numBatches = int(numTradeIds / batchSize)
        numBatches = self.sum(numBatches, 1)
        result = []
        for j in range(0, numBatches):
            requestIds = []
            for k in range(0, batchSize):
                index = self.sum(j * batchSize, k)
                if index < numTradeIds:
                    requestIds.append(tradeIds[index])
            request = {
                'txid': ','.join(requestIds),
            }
            response = await self.privatePostQueryTrades(request)
            #
            #     {
            #         error: [],
            #         result: {
            #             'TIMIRG-WUNNE-RRJ6GT': {
            #                 ordertxid: 'OQRPN2-LRHFY-HIFA7D',
            #                 postxid: 'TKH2SE-M7IF5-CFI7LT',
            #                 pair: 'USDCUSDT',
            #                 time: 1586340086.457,
            #                 type: 'sell',
            #                 ordertype: 'market',
            #                 price: '0.99860000',
            #                 cost: '22.16892001',
            #                 fee: '0.04433784',
            #                 vol: '22.20000000',
            #                 margin: '0.00000000',
            #                 misc: ''
            #             }
            #         }
            #     }
            #
            rawTrades = self.safe_value(response, 'result')
            ids = list(rawTrades.keys())
            for i in range(0, len(ids)):
                rawTrades[ids[i]]['id'] = ids[i]
            trades = self.parse_trades(rawTrades, None, since, limit)
            tradesFilteredBySymbol = self.filter_by_symbol(trades, symbol)
            result = self.array_concat(result, tradesFilteredBySymbol)
        return result

    async def fetch_orders_by_ids(self, ids, symbol=None, params={}):
        await self.load_markets()
        response = await self.privatePostQueryOrders(self.extend({
            'trades': True,  # whether or not to include trades in output(optional, default False)
            'txid': ','.join(ids),  # comma delimited list of transaction ids to query info about(20 maximum)
        }, params))
        result = self.safe_value(response, 'result', {})
        orders = []
        orderIds = list(result.keys())
        for i in range(0, len(orderIds)):
            id = orderIds[i]
            item = result[id]
            order = self.parse_order(self.extend({'id': id}, item))
            orders.append(order)
        return orders

    async def fetch_my_trades(self, symbol=None, since=None, limit=None, params={}):
        await self.load_markets()
        request = {
            # 'type': 'all',  # any position, closed position, closing position, no position
            # 'trades': False,  # whether or not to include trades related to position in output
            # 'start': 1234567890,  # starting unix timestamp or trade tx id of results(exclusive)
            # 'end': 1234567890,  # ending unix timestamp or trade tx id of results(inclusive)
            # 'ofs' = result offset
        }
        if since is not None:
            request['start'] = int(since / 1000)
        response = await self.privatePostTradesHistory(self.extend(request, params))
        #
        #     {
        #         "error": [],
        #         "result": {
        #             "trades": {
        #                 "GJ3NYQ-XJRTF-THZABF": {
        #                     "ordertxid": "TKH2SE-ZIF5E-CFI7LT",
        #                     "postxid": "OEN3VX-M7IF5-JNBJAM",
        #                     "pair": "XICNXETH",
        #                     "time": 1527213229.4491,
        #                     "type": "sell",
        #                     "ordertype": "limit",
        #                     "price": "0.001612",
        #                     "cost": "0.025792",
        #                     "fee": "0.000026",
        #                     "vol": "16.00000000",
        #                     "margin": "0.000000",
        #                     "misc": ""
        #                 },
        #                 ...
        #             },
        #             "count": 9760,
        #         },
        #     }
        #
        trades = response['result']['trades']
        ids = list(trades.keys())
        for i in range(0, len(ids)):
            trades[ids[i]]['id'] = ids[i]
        market = None
        if symbol is not None:
            market = self.market(symbol)
        return self.parse_trades(trades, market, since, limit)

    async def cancel_order(self, id, symbol=None, params={}):
        await self.load_markets()
        response = None
        clientOrderId = self.safe_value_2(params, 'userref', 'clientOrderId', id)
        request = {
            'txid': clientOrderId,  # order id or userref
        }
        params = self.omit(params, ['userref', 'clientOrderId'])
        try:
            response = await self.privatePostCancelOrder(self.extend(request, params))
        except Exception as e:
            if self.last_http_response:
                if self.last_http_response.find('EOrder:Unknown order') >= 0:
                    raise OrderNotFound(self.id + ' cancelOrder() error ' + self.last_http_response)
            raise e
        return response

    async def cancel_all_orders(self, symbol=None, params={}):
        await self.load_markets()
        return await self.privatePostCancelAll(params)

    async def fetch_open_orders(self, symbol=None, since=None, limit=None, params={}):
        await self.load_markets()
        request = {}
        if since is not None:
            request['start'] = int(since / 1000)
        query = params
        clientOrderId = self.safe_value_2(params, 'userref', 'clientOrderId')
        if clientOrderId is not None:
            request['userref'] = clientOrderId
            query = self.omit(params, ['userref', 'clientOrderId'])
        response = await self.privatePostOpenOrders(self.extend(request, query))
        market = None
        if symbol is not None:
            market = self.market(symbol)
        result = self.safe_value(response, 'result', {})
        orders = self.safe_value(result, 'open', [])
        return self.parse_orders(orders, market, since, limit)

    async def fetch_closed_orders(self, symbol=None, since=None, limit=None, params={}):
        await self.load_markets()
        request = {}
        if since is not None:
            request['start'] = int(since / 1000)
        query = params
        clientOrderId = self.safe_value_2(params, 'userref', 'clientOrderId')
        if clientOrderId is not None:
            request['userref'] = clientOrderId
            query = self.omit(params, ['userref', 'clientOrderId'])
        response = await self.privatePostClosedOrders(self.extend(request, query))
        #
        #     {
        #         "error":[],
        #         "result":{
        #             "closed":{
        #                 "OETZYO-UL524-QJMXCT":{
        #                     "refid":null,
        #                     "userref":null,
        #                     "status":"canceled",
        #                     "reason":"User requested",
        #                     "opentm":1601489313.3898,
        #                     "closetm":1601489346.5507,
        #                     "starttm":0,
        #                     "expiretm":0,
        #                     "descr":{
        #                         "pair":"ETHUSDT",
        #                         "type":"buy",
        #                         "ordertype":"limit",
        #                         "price":"330.00",
        #                         "price2":"0",
        #                         "leverage":"none",
        #                         "order":"buy 0.02100000 ETHUSDT @ limit 330.00",
        #                         "close":""
        #                     },
        #                     "vol":"0.02100000",
        #                     "vol_exec":"0.00000000",
        #                     "cost":"0.00000",
        #                     "fee":"0.00000",
        #                     "price":"0.00000",
        #                     "stopprice":"0.00000",
        #                     "limitprice":"0.00000",
        #                     "misc":"",
        #                     "oflags":"fciq"
        #                 },
        #             },
        #             "count":16
        #         }
        #     }
        #
        market = None
        if symbol is not None:
            market = self.market(symbol)
        result = self.safe_value(response, 'result', {})
        orders = self.safe_value(result, 'closed', [])
        return self.parse_orders(orders, market, since, limit)

    def parse_transaction_status(self, status):
        # IFEX transaction states
        statuses = {
            'Initial': 'pending',
            'Pending': 'pending',
            'Success': 'ok',
            'Settled': 'pending',
            'Failure': 'failed',
            'Partial': 'ok',
        }
        return self.safe_string(statuses, status, status)

    def parse_transaction(self, transaction, currency=None):
        #
        # fetchDeposits
        #
        #     {method: "Ether(Hex)",
        #       aclass: "currency",
        #        asset: "XETH",
        #        refid: "Q2CANKL-LBFVEE-U4Y2WQ",
        #         txid: "0x57fd704dab1a73c20e24c8696099b695d596924b401b261513cfdab23…",
        #         info: "0x615f9ba7a9575b0ab4d571b2b36b1b324bd83290",
        #       amount: "7.9999257900",
        #          fee: "0.0000000000",
        #         time:  1529223212,
        #       status: "Success"                                                       }
        #
        # fetchWithdrawals
        #
        #     {method: "Ether",
        #       aclass: "currency",
        #        asset: "XETH",
        #        refid: "A2BF34S-O7LBNQ-UE4Y4O",
        #         txid: "0x288b83c6b0904d8400ef44e1c9e2187b5c8f7ea3d838222d53f701a15b5c274d",
        #         info: "0x7cb275a5e07ba943fee972e165d80daa67cb2dd0",
        #       amount: "9.9950000000",
        #          fee: "0.0050000000",
        #         time:  1530481750,
        #       status: "Success"                                                             }
        #
        id = self.safe_string(transaction, 'refid')
        txid = self.safe_string(transaction, 'txid')
        timestamp = self.safe_timestamp(transaction, 'time')
        currencyId = self.safe_string(transaction, 'asset')
        code = self.safe_currency_code(currencyId, currency)
        address = self.safe_string(transaction, 'info')
        amount = self.safe_number(transaction, 'amount')
        status = self.parse_transaction_status(self.safe_string(transaction, 'status'))
        type = self.safe_string(transaction, 'type')  # injected from the outside
        feeCost = self.safe_number(transaction, 'fee')
        if feeCost is None:
            if type == 'deposit':
                feeCost = 0
        return {
            'info': transaction,
            'id': id,
            'currency': code,
            'amount': amount,
            'network': None,
            'address': address,
            'addressTo': None,
            'addressFrom': None,
            'tag': None,
            'tagTo': None,
            'tagFrom': None,
            'status': status,
            'type': type,
            'updated': None,
            'txid': txid,
            'timestamp': timestamp,
            'datetime': self.iso8601(timestamp),
            'fee': {
                'currency': code,
                'cost': feeCost,
            },
        }

    def parse_transactions_by_type(self, type, transactions, code=None, since=None, limit=None):
        result = []
        for i in range(0, len(transactions)):
            transaction = self.parse_transaction(self.extend({
                'type': type,
            }, transactions[i]))
            result.append(transaction)
        return self.filter_by_currency_since_limit(result, code, since, limit)

    async def fetch_deposits(self, code=None, since=None, limit=None, params={}):
        # https://www.kraken.com/en-us/help/api#deposit-status
        if code is None:
            raise ArgumentsRequired(self.id + ' fetchDeposits() requires a currency code argument')
        await self.load_markets()
        currency = self.currency(code)
        request = {
            'asset': currency['id'],
        }
        response = await self.privatePostDepositStatus(self.extend(request, params))
        #
        #     { error: [],
        #       result: [{method: "Ether(Hex)",
        #                   aclass: "currency",
        #                    asset: "XETH",
        #                    refid: "Q2CANKL-LBFVEE-U4Y2WQ",
        #                     txid: "0x57fd704dab1a73c20e24c8696099b695d596924b401b261513cfdab23…",
        #                     info: "0x615f9ba7a9575b0ab4d571b2b36b1b324bd83290",
        #                   amount: "7.9999257900",
        #                      fee: "0.0000000000",
        #                     time:  1529223212,
        #                   status: "Success"                                                       }]}
        #
        return self.parse_transactions_by_type('deposit', response['result'], code, since, limit)

    async def fetch_time(self, params={}):
        # https://www.kraken.com/en-us/features/api#get-server-time
        response = await self.publicGetTime(params)
        #
        #    {
        #        "error": [],
        #        "result": {
        #            "unixtime": 1591502873,
        #            "rfc1123": "Sun,  7 Jun 20 04:07:53 +0000"
        #        }
        #    }
        #
        result = self.safe_value(response, 'result', {})
        return self.safe_timestamp(result, 'unixtime')

    async def fetch_withdrawals(self, code=None, since=None, limit=None, params={}):
        # https://www.kraken.com/en-us/help/api#withdraw-status
        if code is None:
            raise ArgumentsRequired(self.id + ' fetchWithdrawals() requires a currency code argument')
        await self.load_markets()
        currency = self.currency(code)
        request = {
            'asset': currency['id'],
        }
        response = await self.privatePostWithdrawStatus(self.extend(request, params))
        #
        #     { error: [],
        #       result: [{method: "Ether",
        #                   aclass: "currency",
        #                    asset: "XETH",
        #                    refid: "A2BF34S-O7LBNQ-UE4Y4O",
        #                     txid: "0x298c83c7b0904d8400ef43e1c9e2287b518f7ea3d838822d53f704a1565c274d",
        #                     info: "0x7cb275a5e07ba943fee972e165d80daa67cb2dd0",
        #                   amount: "9.9950000000",
        #                      fee: "0.0050000000",
        #                     time:  1530481750,
        #                   status: "Success"                                                             }]}
        #
        return self.parse_transactions_by_type('withdrawal', response['result'], code, since, limit)

    async def create_deposit_address(self, code, params={}):
        request = {
            'new': 'true',
        }
        return await self.fetch_deposit_address(code, self.extend(request, params))

    async def fetch_deposit_methods(self, code, params={}):
        await self.load_markets()
        currency = self.currency(code)
        request = {
            'asset': currency['id'],
        }
        response = await self.privatePostDepositMethods(self.extend(request, params))
        #
        #     {
        #         "error":[],
        #         "result":[
        #             {"method":"Ether(Hex)","limit":false,"gen-address":true}
        #         ]
        #     }
        #
        #     {
        #         "error":[],
        #         "result":[
        #             {"method":"Tether USD(ERC20)","limit":false,"address-setup-fee":"0.00000000","gen-address":true},
        #             {"method":"Tether USD(TRC20)","limit":false,"address-setup-fee":"0.00000000","gen-address":true}
        #         ]
        #     }
        #
        #     {
        #         "error":[],
        #         "result":[
        #             {"method":"Bitcoin","limit":false,"fee":"0.0000000000","gen-address":true}
        #         ]
        #     }
        #
        return self.safe_value(response, 'result')

    async def fetch_deposit_address(self, code, params={}):
        await self.load_markets()
        currency = self.currency(code)
        network = self.safe_string_upper(params, 'network')
        networks = self.safe_value(self.options, 'networks', {})
        network = self.safe_string(networks, network, network)  # support ETH > ERC20 aliases
        params = self.omit(params, 'network')
        if (code == 'USDT') and (network == 'TRC20'):
            code = code + '-' + network
        defaultDepositMethods = self.safe_value(self.options, 'depositMethods', {})
        defaultDepositMethod = self.safe_string(defaultDepositMethods, code)
        depositMethod = self.safe_string(params, 'method', defaultDepositMethod)
        # if the user has specified an exchange-specific method in params
        # we pass it as is, otherwise we take the 'network' unified param
        if depositMethod is None:
            depositMethods = await self.fetch_deposit_methods(code)
            if network is not None:
                # find best matching deposit method, or fallback to the first one
                for i in range(0, len(depositMethods)):
                    entry = self.safe_string(depositMethods[i], 'method')
                    if entry.find(network) >= 0:
                        depositMethod = entry
                        break
            # if depositMethod was not specified, fallback to the first available deposit method
            if depositMethod is None:
                firstDepositMethod = self.safe_value(depositMethods, 0, {})
                depositMethod = self.safe_string(firstDepositMethod, 'method')
        request = {
            'asset': currency['id'],
            'method': depositMethod,
        }
        response = await self.privatePostDepositAddresses(self.extend(request, params))
        #
        #     {
        #         "error":[],
        #         "result":[
        #             {"address":"0x77b5051f97efa9cc52c9ad5b023a53fc15c200d3","expiretm":"0"}
        #         ]
        #     }
        #
        result = self.safe_value(response, 'result', [])
        firstResult = self.safe_value(result, 0, {})
        if firstResult is None:
            raise InvalidAddress(self.id + ' privatePostDepositAddresses() returned no addresses for ' + code)
        return self.parse_deposit_address(firstResult, currency)

    def parse_deposit_address(self, depositAddress, currency=None):
        #
        #     {
        #         "address":"0x77b5051f97efa9cc52c9ad5b023a53fc15c200d3",
        #         "expiretm":"0"
        #     }
        #
        address = self.safe_string(depositAddress, 'address')
        tag = self.safe_string(depositAddress, 'tag')
        currency = self.safe_currency(None, currency)
        code = currency['code']
        self.check_address(address)
        return {
            'currency': code,
            'address': address,
            'tag': tag,
            'network': None,
            'info': depositAddress,
        }

    async def withdraw(self, code, amount, address, tag=None, params={}):
        tag, params = self.handle_withdraw_tag_and_params(tag, params)
        self.check_address(address)
        if 'key' in params:
            await self.load_markets()
            currency = self.currency(code)
            request = {
                'asset': currency['id'],
                'amount': amount,
                # 'address': address,  # they don't allow withdrawals to direct addresses
            }
            response = await self.privatePostWithdraw(self.extend(request, params))
            result = self.safe_value(response, 'result', {})
            id = self.safe_string(result, 'refid')
            return {
                'info': result,
                'id': id,
            }
        raise ExchangeError(self.id + " withdraw() requires a 'key' parameter(withdrawal key name, as set up on your account)")

    async def fetch_positions(self, symbols=None, params={}):
        await self.load_markets()
        request = {
            # 'txid': 'comma delimited list of transaction ids to restrict output to',
            # 'docalcs': False,  # whether or not to include profit/loss calculations
            # 'consolidation': 'market',  # what to consolidate the positions data around, market will consolidate positions based on market pair
        }
        response = await self.privatePostOpenPositions(self.extend(request, params))
        #
        # no consolidation
        #
        #     {
        #         error: [],
        #         result: {
        #             'TGUFMY-FLESJ-VYIX3J': {
        #                 ordertxid: "O3LRNU-ZKDG5-XNCDFR",
        #                 posstatus: "open",
        #                 pair: "ETHUSDT",
        #                 time:  1611557231.4584,
        #                 type: "buy",
        #                 ordertype: "market",
        #                 cost: "28.49800",
        #                 fee: "0.07979",
        #                 vol: "0.02000000",
        #                 vol_closed: "0.00000000",
        #                 margin: "14.24900",
        #                 terms: "0.0200% per 4 hours",
        #                 rollovertm: "1611571631",
        #                 misc: "",
        #                 oflags: ""
        #             }
        #         }
        #     }
        #
        # consolidation by market
        #
        #     {
        #         error: [],
        #         result: [
        #             {
        #                 pair: "ETHUSDT",
        #                 positions: "1",
        #                 type: "buy",
        #                 leverage: "2.00000",
        #                 cost: "28.49800",
        #                 fee: "0.07979",
        #                 vol: "0.02000000",
        #                 vol_closed: "0.00000000",
        #                 margin: "14.24900"
        #             }
        #         ]
        #     }
        #
        result = self.safe_value(response, 'result')
        # todo unify parsePosition/parsePositions
        return result

    def sign(self, path, api='public', method='GET', params={}, headers=None, body=None):
        url = '/' + self.version + '/' + api + '/' + path
        if api == 'public':
            if params:
                url += '?' + self.urlencode(params)
        elif api == 'private':
            self.check_required_credentials()
            nonce = str(self.nonce())
            body = self.urlencode(self.extend({'nonce': nonce}, params))
            auth = self.encode(nonce + body)
            hash = self.hash(auth, 'sha256', 'binary')
            binary = self.encode(url)
            binhash = self.binary_concat(binary, hash)
            secret = self.base64_to_binary(self.secret)
            signature = self.hmac(binhash, secret, hashlib.sha512, 'base64')
            headers = {
                'API-Key': self.apiKey,
                'API-Sign': signature,
                'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
            }
        else:
            url = '/' + path
        url = self.urls['api'][api] + url
        return {'url': url, 'method': method, 'body': body, 'headers': headers}

    def nonce(self):
        return self.milliseconds()

    def handle_errors(self, code, reason, url, method, headers, body, response, requestHeaders, requestBody):
        if code == 520:
            raise ExchangeNotAvailable(self.id + ' ' + str(code) + ' ' + reason)
        # todo: rewrite self for "broad" exceptions matching
        if body.find('Invalid order') >= 0:
            raise InvalidOrder(self.id + ' ' + body)
        if body.find('Invalid nonce') >= 0:
            raise InvalidNonce(self.id + ' ' + body)
        if body.find('Insufficient funds') >= 0:
            raise InsufficientFunds(self.id + ' ' + body)
        if body.find('Cancel pending') >= 0:
            raise CancelPending(self.id + ' ' + body)
        if body.find('Invalid arguments:volume') >= 0:
            raise InvalidOrder(self.id + ' ' + body)
        if body.find('Rate limit exceeded') >= 0:
            raise RateLimitExceeded(self.id + ' ' + body)
        if response is None:
            return
        if body[0] == '{':
            if not isinstance(response, basestring):
                if 'error' in response:
                    numErrors = len(response['error'])
                    if numErrors:
                        message = self.id + ' ' + body
                        for i in range(0, len(response['error'])):
                            error = response['error'][i]
                            self.throw_exactly_matched_exception(self.exceptions, error, message)
                        raise ExchangeError(message)
